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Dólar estadounidense Índice Orixe do nome | O símbolo do dólar | Moedas e billetes | Notas | Véxase tamén | Menú de navegaciónTroco actualThe World FactbookForeign and Commonwealth OfficeJournals of the American congress: from 1774 to 1788: In four volumesDollarLion Dollar. IntroductionDollarA History of Mathematical NotationsUS Bureau of Engraving and Printing (inglés e castelán)Dólar estadounidense - Billetes dos Estados Unidos de América19643254012671-7sh85038863

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Dólar estadounidense
US Dollar en inglés
United States penny, obverse, 2002.jpgDollar11963A.JPG
Moeda de 1 centavoBillete de 1 dólar

Código:
USD

Ámbito:

Estados Unidos de América Estados Unidos
Outros países americanos: Caribe Neerlandés, Ecuador, O Salvador, Porto Rico, Panamá, Turks e Caicos, Illas Virxes Británicas, Illas Virxes Estadounidenses

Outros países oceánicos: Guam, Illas Marshall, Estados Federados de Micronesia, Illas Marianas do Norte, Palau, Samoa Americana, Timor Oriental, Territorio Británico do Océano Índico,[1] e na área insular dos Estados Unidos


Resto do mundo: Zimbabue

Símbolo:
$
Fracción:Cen centavos ou cents
Dez décimos ou dimes
Moedas:1 cent, 5 cents, 1 dime, 1/4 dólar, 1/2 dólar e 1 dólar
Billetes:1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 e 100 dólares
Emisor:Reserva Federal dos Estados Unidos
Taxa de troco:
15-2-2014
1 EUR = 1,37 USD
Troco actual

O dólar estadounidense (en inglés United States dollar, U.S. dollar ou, simplemente, dollar) é a moeda oficial dos Estados Unidos dende o 6 de xullo de 1785.[2] A Reserva Federal é o órgano encargado da súa emisión. O seu símbolo é $, aínda que o código ISO 4217 para o dólar norteamericano é USD e o Fondo Monetario Internacional utiliza US$ .


O dólar de Estados Unidos tamén é utilizado noutros países como moeda oficial: Ecuador, O Salvador, as Caribe Neerlandés, as illas Turcas e Caicos, as illas Virxes Británicas e Panamá en América, Timor Oriental en Asia, Zimbabwe en África e nas antigas dependencias oceánicas das Illas Marshall, nos Estados Federados de Micronesia e na República das Palaus.


O dólar emprégase como divisa internacional e nas transaccións internacionais de ouro ou petróleo. Dos 700.000 millóns de dólares en circulación en 2004 entre a metade e os dous terzos están fóra dos Estados Unidos.




Índice





  • 1 Orixe do nome


  • 2 O símbolo do dólar


  • 3 Moedas e billetes

    • 3.1 Moedas


    • 3.2 Billetes



  • 4 Notas


  • 5 Véxase tamén

    • 5.1 Ligazóns externas





Orixe do nome |


Desde o territorio neerlandés de Nova Ámsterdam (actualmente Nova York) o tálero holandés (daler) foise estendendo por todas as colonias británicas de América do Norte na época da Revolución Estadounidense e chegou a adoptarse como unidade monetaria nos novos Estados Unidos de América na súa fundación, coa denominación adaptada á ortografía inglesa que hoxe coñecemos: dollar ("dólar"). A moeda de oito reais españois, cuxa circulación era tamén moi habitual nas colonias británicas, pasou entón a ser coñecida no mundo de fala inglesa como spanish dollar.[3][4][5]



O símbolo do dólar |


Existen varias versións sobre a orixe do símbolo $. A que posiblemente é a máis amplamente aceptada, segundo a Oficina de Gravado e Impresión dos Estados Unidos, é que o mesmo é o resultado da evolución da abreviatura novohispana e española Ps, que abreviaba pesos, piastras, ou pezas de oito reais. Esta teoría, derivada do estudo de manuscritos dos séculos XVIII e XIX, explica que o s pasou gradualmente a escribirse sobre o P, desenvolvendo un equivalente próximo a $. O símbolo foi amplamente usado antes da adopción do USD en 1785.[6]


Outra é que o símbolo foi derivado de -ou inspirado por- a marca de ceca da casa da moeda colonial española da cidade. Nela atopábase a mina de Potosí, no actual país de Bolivia. Esta marca de ceca estaba composta das letras PTSI superpostas unha encima doutra, formando un símbolo moi similar ao orixinal símbolo do dólar (o dunha barra vertical: $). As moedas de oito reais de prata de España e as súas colonias eran de uso común nas colonias inglesas de Norteamérica. Gran parte desas moedas serían acuñadas na mina de Potosí. Estas, ademais, haberían ter un perfil algo elevado, xa que a mina de prata de Potosí presuntamente foi a máis grande da historia, tanto que Potosí chegou a ser durante un tempo a cidade máis grande de toda América e a súa fama era mundial naquela época.


Hoxe en día, nalgunhas ocasións, aínda se usa a variante con dúas barras verticais. Esta variante atribúese ás veces á idea de superpoñer U e S (de United States), pero parece que a mesma xa existía pola época en que a zona era colonia británica. O símbolo sería unha estilización das Columnas de Hércules que aparecían nas moedas acuñadas na Ceca de México, os reais de 8 chamados columnarios. As barras verticais serían as columnas e a S sería a banda coa lenda «Plus ultra» que as envolvía. Un selo con esta forma se estampaba sobre os lingotes de ouro e prata que viaxaban nas frotas de Indias con destino ao Tesouro Real. A versión dunha soa barra é unha simplificación do orixinal de dúas.


Para rematar, a similitude do símbolo do dólar co do sestercio (IIS, I·IS ou HS) podería facer pensar nunha orixe romana. Con todo, nos manuscritos antigos nunca aparece o símbolo do sestercio cos trazos verticais superpostos á letra S.[7]



Moedas e billetes |


O dólar divídese en 100 cents (¢). Actualmente as fraccións menores ao dólar emítense en moedas que reciben diferentes nomes:


  • penny ou cent: 1¢

  • nickel: 5¢

  • dime: 10¢

  • quarter: 25¢

Tamén hai moedas de 50¢ e 1 dólar, pero non se empregan nas transaccións comerciais.
Hai billetes de $1, $5, $10, $20, $50 e $100. Anteriormente tamén houbo billetes de $1.000, $5.000 e $10.000.



Moedas |






























Denominación ($)
Rostro
Reverso
Mostra

$0,01

Abraham Lincoln
Escudo da Unión

2010 cent obverse.jpg2010 cent reverse.jpg

$0,05

Thomas Jefferson

Monticello

Jefferson-Nickel-Unc-Obv.jpgUS Nickel Reverse.jpg

$0,10

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Facho, rama de carballo e rama de oliveira

United States dime, obverse, 2002.jpgUnited States dime, reverse.jpg

$0,25

George Washington

Gran Selo dos Estados Unidos
(outras versións)

Washington Quarter 79.PNGCOBREcentavosecuador2000-2.png

$0,50

John F. Kennedy

Gran Selo dos Estados Unidos
(outra versión)

2005 Half Dollar Obv Unc P.png2005 Half Dollar Rev Unc P.png

$1,00

Sacajawea
(outra versión)

Aguia
(outra versión)

2003 Sacagawea Rev.png


Billetes |


























Denominación ($)
Rostro
Mostra

$1

George Washington

United States one dollar bill, obverse.jpg


$2

Thomas Jefferson

US $2 obverse.jpg


$5

Abraham Lincoln

US $5 Series 2006 obverse.jpg


$10

Alexander Hamilton

US10dollarbill-Series 2004A.jpg


$20

Andrew Jackson

US20-front.jpg


$50

Ulysses S. Grant

50 USD Series 2004 Note Front.jpg


$100

Benjamin Franklin

Obverse of the series 2009 $100 Federal Reserve Note.jpg


Notas |




  1. ↑ Aceptado xunto coa libra esterlina; segundo The World Factbook[Ligazón morta] e Foreign and Commonwealth Office.


  2. ↑ Way and Gideon, ed. (1823). Journals of the American congress: from 1774 to 1788: In four volumes (en inglés). vol.4. p. 675. 


  3. ↑ "Dollar". En Encyclopaedia Britannica (en inglés)


  4. ↑ "Lion Dollar. Introduction". En Coins.nd.com (en inglés)


  5. ↑ "Dollar". En Online Etymology Dictionary (en inglés)


  6. ↑ Florian Cajori ([1929]1993). A History of Mathematical Notations (Vol. 2). Nueva York: Dover, 15-29.


  7. ↑ Cajori examina as teorías de que o símbolo ten as súas orixes na marca de Potosí, as iniciais «O.S.», as Columnas de Hércules e a antiga abreviatura do sestercio, e descártaas. A History of Mathematical Notations, 15-20.



Véxase tamén |





Ligazóns externas |


  • US Bureau of Engraving and Printing (inglés e castelán)


  • Dólar estadounidense - Billetes dos Estados Unidos de América (en inglés) (en alemán)




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