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Holaspis Índice Etimoloxía | Taxonomía | Distribución | Descrición | Hábitat e historia natural | Mantemento en vivarios | Notas | Menú de navegaciónaspisἀσπίςholos"Neon Blue Tailed Tree Lizard Glides""Neon Blue Tailed Tree Lizard""Holaspis, a lizard that glided by accident: mosaics of cooption and adaptation in a tropical forest lacertid (Reptilia, Lacertidae)""Monograph of the Lacertidae. Vol. II"The Lizards and Snakes of Nigeria. Part II: The Lacertids of Nigeria""Descriptions of two new genera of lizards (Holaspis and Poriodogaster A. Smith MS)""A molecular phylogeny of Equatorial African Lacertidae, with the description of a new genus and species from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo""Holaspis guentheri laevis (East African fringe-tailed Forest Lizard). Reproduction""Biological data on Holaspis guentheri laevis Werner, 1895 obtained from vivarium keeping""A working checklist of the herpetofauna of Cameroon""Reptiles from Nyasaland and Tete""Holaspis guentheri (Günther’s Gliding Lizard). Predation""Contributions to the herpetology of the Belgian Congo based on the collection of the American Congo Expedition, 1909-1915. Pt. I. Turtles, crocodiles, lizards, and chameleons""Ecomorphological analysis of aerial performance in a non-specialized lacertid lizard, Holaspis guentheri""Ueber einige Reptilien aus Usambara (Deutsch-Ostafrika)"Holaspis59290360062469646359684507564194541

Réptiles


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Holaspis




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Holaspis

Holaspis laevis
Holaspis laevis

Clasificación científica














Reino:

Animalia


Filo:

Chordata


Clase:

Reptilia


Orde:

Squamata


Familia:

Lacertidae


Xénero:

Holaspis
Gray, 1863
Especies

  • H. guentheri

  • H. laevis





Holaspis laevis Werner, 1895





Holaspis guentheri Gray, 1863




Pé de Holaspis guentheri.


Holaspis é un xénero de lagartos africanos ecuatoriais da familia dos lacértidos. Unha característica peculiar é que pode facer voos planados dunha árbore a outra.




Índice





  • 1 Etimoloxía


  • 2 Taxonomía


  • 3 Distribución


  • 4 Descrición


  • 5 Hábitat e historia natural


  • 6 Mantemento en vivarios


  • 7 Notas

    • 7.1 Bibliografía





Etimoloxía |


O termo neolatino "Holaspis" procede das raíces gregas "aspis", ἀσπίς (= escudo redondo) e "holos", ὅλος, ὅλως (= todo, completo). Fai referencia ás escamas da cabeza nas que as escamas frontoparietal e occipital están totalmente fusionadas.


H. guentheri recibe ese nome por Albert Günther (1830-1914), un zoólogo do Museo Británico nacido en Alemaña. H. laevis procede do latín "laevis" e significa suave.


Cómpre dicir que holaspis é tamén o nome que se lle dá a unha fase larvaria dos trilobites, cos que non se debe confundir.



Taxonomía |


Fixéronse estudos para ver a relación deste xénero con outros lacértidos. En análises de compatibilidade e parsimoria baseada na morfoloxía Arnold (1989) recoñeceu un clado chamado o ‘grupo africano ecuatorial’ incluíndo nel a Adolfus, Gastropholis, e Holaspis. En todos os lacértidos deste clado o forame parietal está sempre ausente, a escama parietal esténdese ata o bordo da táboa parietal e só hai unha escama posnasal.


Recoñécense dúas especies no xénero Holaspis. Antes, H. laevis era considerado unha subespecie de H. guentheri.[1][2]



  • Holaspis guentheri Gray, 1863


  • Holaspis laevis Werner, 1895


Distribución |


As dúas especies do xénero teñen áreas de distribución separadas. Holaspis guentheri vive en África occidental no sur de Serra Leoa, Guinea, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, Benín, Nixeria, e Camerún. No norte de Camerún existen poboacións residuais na rexión de savana guineana (a 30 km ao nordeste de Tignère, a 1000 m de altitude). En África central pode encontrarse en Guinea Ecuatorial, Gabón, República Centroafricana, República do Congo, norte e oeste da República Democrática do Congo e sur e noroeste de Angola. Esta especie vive tamén en África oriental desde o noroeste de Tanzania (Bukoba) ao sueste de Uganda (Bosque de Budongot) (rexións ao oeste do lago Vitoria).[3][4][5][6][7]


Holaspis laevis está distribuído en África oriental no nordeste e sueste de Tanzania, nordeste e centroleste de Mozambique e sur de Malaui.[3][4]



Descrición |


A cabeza e corpo de Holaspis están moi aplanados, as escamas frontoparietais e occipitais están totalmente fusionadas formando escudos, a cola é aplanada con bordos laterais de escamas e o terceiro e cuarto dedo do pé anterior están fusionados en case toda a súa articulación. Ten dúas ringleiras de escamas como bandas anchas lisas baixo a liña vertebral nas costas e na cola. As escamas ventrais son lisas.
O colar está composto por de 9 a 15 pequenas escamas. Presenta de 16 a 24 poros femorais, máis desenvolvidos nos machos. A lonxitude máxima total en ambas as especies do xénero é de 129 mm, a lonxitude fociño-ano máxima é 53 mm e nesta medida non hai dimorfismo sexual. Pero os machos teñen cabezas máis grandes e a súa base da cola é máis ancha.[1][8][9]


Dorsalmente a cor de fondo é negra. Na cabeza desde a punta do fociño á caluga hai unha liña media amarela ou amarelo verdosa. A cada lado das costas fóra das grandes dorsais corre unha raia lonxitudinal turquesa ou azul celeste que se fusionan na base da cola. Desde alí continúase como unha liña azul clara parcialmente interrompida na punta da cola.
O patrón dos flancos difire nas dúas especies: En H. guentheri nos flancos hai dúas liñas de marrón amarelado a marrón cincento, mentres que en H. laevis hai só unha liña máis ancha de marrón amarelado a marrón avermellado ou beige desde a punta do fociño á pata posterior. As anchas escamas da cola nos lados son de cor amarela a laranxa.[9]


O número de liñas escuras ou claras é practcamente a única diferenza morfolóxica externa entre as dúas especies. Segundo Arnold (1989):
H. guentheri: "Unha liña vertebral escura no corpo e tres liñas escuras a cada lado".
H. laevis: "Unha liña vertebral escura e dúas liñas escuras a cada lado".


Ventralmente estes lagartos son de amarelos ou laranxas a laranxas verdosos, parcialmente cun brillo nacarado. Os machos adoitan ter cores máis brillantes. Os individuos xuvenís lembran os seus proxenitores pero as liñas dorsais coloreadas son máis estreitas e menos intensamente coloreadas. Ventralmente os xuvenís son negros en contraste cos adultos.[9]



Hábitat e historia natural |


Os Holaspis son lacértidos diúrnos, arbóreos, extremadamente áxiles e poden moverse en vertical e en superficies que sobresaen co corpo e a cola moi apertados contra a superficie. Viven en grandes árbores polo menos a 15 m sobre o chan do bosque en bosques primarios, áreas influenciadas polo ser humano e mesmo en bosques de eucaliptos de codia lisa, pero non se encontran en bosques pechados. A cola aserrada que teñen é considerada unha adaptación adicional a gabear para incrementar o agarre.[3][4][9][10]


Son cazadores activos de pequenos insectos e outros artrópodos, como formigas, saltóns e arañas, e a miúdo inspeccionan as gretas onde estes se poden encontrar.[3][9]


Son os únicos lacértidos que poden facer un voo planado botándose dunha árbore a outra en distancias de ata 30 m. Porén, as especies de Holaspis están menos especializadas para o voo que as especies de agámidos do xénero Draco ou os xecónidos do xénero Ptychozoon por exemplo. As adaptacións para planar de Holaspis son o seu corpo e cola aplanado, os dedos fusionados e a súa baixa masa corporal. Os seus ósos teñen moitos espazos cheos de aire, o que fai que o esqueleto sexa moi lixeiro para planar.[4][9][11][12][13][14][15]


Non se sabe moito da súa reprodución na natureza. Producen máis dunha posta por ano. As femias poñen dous ovos baixo a codia de árbore solta ou baixo follas caídas.[4][10][16]



Mantemento en vivarios |


As especies de Holaspis ocasionalmente téñense en casa como mascotas. Holaspis guentheri e H. laevis son con frecuencia confundidos entre si no comercio de mascotas ou denominados en xeral H. guentheri, porque H. laevis era anteriormente só unha subespecie de H. guentheri. Porén, case todos os Holaspis comercializados son H. laevis. A crianza en catividade serviu para obter máis información sobre a bioloxía de Holaspis.[1][9][17][18]


Un dos aspectos dos que se obtiveron datos en catividade foi a reprodución. No "Acuario de Colonia" unha femia de H. laevis procedente de Tanzania puxo un ou dous ovos varias veces o 14 de novembro, 22 de decembro, 24 de febreiro e 5 de abril. Só un dos ovos chegou a eclosionar despois de 54 días de incubación.[19] A incubación de ovos foi máis exitosa noutros casos. Femias de H. laevis puxeron ovos baixo a codia de árbores. A posta case sempre foi de dous ovos, raramente un, posto por femias novas. Facían postas cada catro ou seis semanas durante o ano. O tamaño do ovo era de 6,0 a 7.2 mm x de 11,3 a 12.9 mm e a súa masa de entre 0,30 e 0,38 g. A 29 °C o tempo de incubación foi de 55 a 57 días. As crías medían de 21 a 24 mm de lonxitude fociño-ano, mentres que a lonxitude da cola era de 30 a 35 mm, e tiñan unha masa de entre 0,23 e 0,25 g. En catividade a madureza sexual acádana entre os 1,5 e 2 anos.[1]



Notas |




  1. ↑ 1,01,11,21,3 Kroniger 2004


  2. ↑ http://www.lacerta.de/AS/Taxon.php?Genus=52


  3. ↑ 3,03,13,23,3 Arnold 1989


  4. ↑ 4,04,14,24,34,4 Spawls et al. 2002


  5. ↑ Chirio & Ineich 2006


  6. ↑ Hoinsoude Segniagbeto et al. 2015


  7. ↑ LeBreton 1999


  8. ↑ Boulenger 1921


  9. ↑ 9,09,19,29,39,49,59,6 Kroniger & Bosch 2001


  10. ↑ 10,010,1 Dunger 1967


  11. ↑ "Neon Blue Tailed Tree Lizard Glides".  Photo shows H. laevis


  12. ↑ Vanhooydonck et al. 2009


  13. ↑ Arnold 2002


  14. ↑ Schiøtz & Volsøe 1959


  15. ↑ Schmidt 1919


  16. ↑ Loveridge 1953


  17. ↑ "Neon Blue Tailed Tree Lizard".  A foto mostra H. laevis


  18. ↑ Meyer 2000


  19. ↑ Herrmann 1998



Bibliografía |


  • Arnold, E.N. (1989): "Systematics and adaptive radiation of Equatorial African lizards assigned to the genera Adolfus, Bedriagaia, Gastropholis, Holaspis and Lacerta (Reptilia: Lacertidae)". - Journal of Natural History, 23: 525-555.

  • Arnold, E.N. (2002): "Holaspis, a lizard that glided by accident: mosaics of cooption and adaptation in a tropical forest lacertid (Reptilia, Lacertidae)". - Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Zoology), 68: 155-162.


  • Boulenger, G.A. 1921. "Monograph of the Lacertidae. Vol. II". British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology. London. 451 pp.

  • Broadley, D.G. (2000): "Lacertidae – Holaspis laevis (Werner, 1895). Eastern Serrate-Toed Tree lizard". - African Herp News, 31: 13-14.

  • Chirio, L. & Ineich, I. (2006): "Biogeography of the reptiles of the Central African Republic". - African Journal of Herpetology, 55(1):23-59.

  • Dunger, G.T. (1967): "The Lizards and Snakes of Nigeria. Part II: The Lacertids of Nigeria". - Nigerian Field, 32(3): 117-131.


  • Gray, J.E. (1863): "Descriptions of two new genera of lizards (Holaspis and Poriodogaster A. Smith MS)". - Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1863: 152-155.

  • Greenbaum, E., Villanueva, C.O., Kusamba, C., Aristote, M.M. & Branch, W.R. (2011): "A molecular phylogeny of Equatorial African Lacertidae, with the description of a new genus and species from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo". - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163: 913–942.

  • Herrmann, H.-W. (1998): "Holaspis guentheri laevis (East African fringe-tailed Forest Lizard). Reproduction". - Herpetological Review, 29: 238.

  • Hoinsoude Segniagbeto, G., Trape, J.-F., Afiademanyo, K.M., Rödel, M.-O., Ohler, A., Dubois, A., David, P., Meirte, D., Glitho, I.A., Petrozzi, F. & Luiselli, L. (2015): "Checklist of the lizards of Togo (West Africa), with comments on systematics, distribution, ecology, and conservation". - Zoosystema, 37 (2): 381-402.

  • Kroniger, M. (2004): Kroniger, M. (2004): "Die Ostafrikanische Sägeschwanzeidechse Holaspis laevis". - Art für Art, Münster (NTV). 61 S.

  • Kroniger, M. & Bosch, H.A.J. in den (2001): "Biological data on Holaspis guentheri laevis Werner, 1895 obtained from vivarium keeping". - Pod@rcis, 2 (3): 72-80.

  • LeBreton, M. (1999): "A working checklist of the herpetofauna of Cameroon". - IUCN Netherlands, 141 pp.

  • Loveridge, A. 1953. "Reptiles from Nyasaland and Tete". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 110: 143-322.

  • Meyer, M. (2000): "Die „Fliegende Eidechse“. Haltung und Vermehrung von Holaspis guentheri laevis". - Reptilia, Münster, 5 (26): 55-57.

  • Pauwels, O.S.G. & Itam, S. (2013): "Holaspis guentheri (Günther’s Gliding Lizard). Predation". - Herpetological Review, 44 (4): 674.

  • Schiøtz, A. & Volsøe, H. (1959): "The gliding flight of Holaspis guentheri, a West African lacertid". - Copeia, 1959: 259-260.


  • Schmidt, K.P. (1919): "Contributions to the herpetology of the Belgian Congo based on the collection of the American Congo Expedition, 1909-1915. Pt. I. Turtles, crocodiles, lizards, and chameleons". - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 39 (2): 385–624.

  • Spawls, S., Howell, K.M., Drewes, R.C. and Ashe, J. (2002): "A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa". - Academic Press, Elsevier Science, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, London.

  • Vanhooydonck, B., Meulepas, G., Herrel, A., Boistel, R., Tafforeau, P., Fernandez, V. & Aerts, P. (2009): "Ecomorphological analysis of aerial performance in a non-specialized lacertid lizard, Holaspis guentheri". - The Journal of Experimental Biology, 212: 2475-2482.


  • Werner, F. (1895): "Ueber einige Reptilien aus Usambara (Deutsch-Ostafrika)". - Verhandl. der k. k. zool. bot. Ges., 45: 190-194, Taf. V.




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A History of the Indian-Subcontinent from 7000 BC to AD 1200The Kashmir Series: Glimpses of Kashmiri Culture – Vivekananda Kendra, Kanyakumari (p. 57).Al-Hind: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th CenturiesHistory of GopāchalaLand of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to MujibEuropean Trade and Colonial ConquestA History of IndiaA Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set)"The Last Years of Cholas: The decline and fall of a dynasty"the originalFascinating Hindutva: Saffron Politics and Dalit MobilisationGazetteer of the province of OudhAl- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2"Shahi Family"The Cambridge history of Islam"Ameer Nasir-ood-deen Subooktugeen"Gazetteer of the Attock District, 1930, Part 1Land of seven rivers: History of India's GeographyTemple Desecration and Indo-Muslim StatesIslam in South Asia: A Short HistoryBeyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and Its Impact on Indian and Cross-cultural StudiesThe Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of ExtremismOrnament in Indian ArchitectureA historical review of Hindu India: 300 B.C. to 1200 A.D."Indian States and Union Territories"Islam in South Asia: A Short HistoryA Brief History of the Indian PeoplesThe Modern ReviewDelhi Sultanate"Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India"the original"Timur – conquest of India"the originalIndia HandbookBhaktiThe Four Denomination of Hinduism10.1007/s11407-008-9049-925691067"Vijayanagara Research Project::Elephant Stables"10.2307/26465262646526Historical Dictionary of the TamilsBihar General Knowledge DigestMapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern TimesPopular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South AsiaA manual of the Kistna district in the presidency of MadrasAncient Indian History and CivilizationFragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India"The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)"the originalDynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800, p. 105"Whose fort is it anyway"10.1111/0020-8833.000532600793Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics"India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries"The Mughal Empire, p. 190"The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India"The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden AgeAurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial KingIn the Shadow of the Taj: A Portrait of Agra"Iran in the Age of the Raj"p. 8610.2307/20539802053980Delhi, the Capital of IndiaAn Advanced History of Modern India"Journal of the Tanjore Maharaja Serfoji's Sarasvati Mahal Library"The Rediscovery of India: A New SubcontinentIslamic Renaissance In South Asia (1707–1867) : The Role Of Shah Waliallah & His SuccessorsAn Advanced History of Modern IndiaThe Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia"Full text of "Selections from the papers of Lord Metcalfe; late governor-general of India, governor of Jamaica, and governor-general of Canada""The Discovery Of IndiaThe Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern TimesResurrecting Banaras: Urban Space, Architecture and Religious BoundariesFaith & Philosophy of Sikhism"Missiles mainstay of Pak's N-arsenal"History Modern India By S.N. Sen"Sirajuddaula"ArchivedLongman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal)Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government)A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the PresentIndian Cultural Heritage Perspective For TourismHindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of KashmirIndian HistoryAn Atlas and Survey of South Asian HistoryAn Historical Account of the British Trade Over the Caspian SeaIndian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600–1750The Indian diaspora in Central Asia and its trade, 1550–1900From Constantinople to the home of Omar Khayyam: travels in Transcaucasia and northern Persia for historic and literary researchA journey from Bengal to England: through the northern part of India, Kashmire, Afghanistan, and Persia, and into Russia, by the Caspian-SeaA Second Journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, between the Years 1810 and 1816Reports from the consuls of the United States, 1887Portugal and its Empire, 1250–1800 (Collected Essays in Memory of Glenn J. Ames).: Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 17, No. 1The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758http://mod.nic.inArchivedDossier Goa – A Recusa do Sacrifício InútilAn Imperial Crisis in British India: The Manipur Uprising of 1891The Truth of Babri Mosque"Kolkata (Calcutta) : History"the original"Robert Clive, Baron Clive, 'Clive of India', 1725–1774""The Transformation from a Pre-Colonial to a Colonial Order: The Case of India"10.2307/25955872595587A versatile geniusArchived10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854"Rabindranath Tagore on Education"the original"Essay on 'Derozio and the Young Bengal Movement'"Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation"Plague"the originalPopulation Growth and Land Use"Reintegrating India with the World Economy""Census Of India 1931"A history of modern India, 1480–1950"'India's well-timed diversification of army helped democracy' | Business Standard News"Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Struggle for Swaraj"Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War""Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2007–2008 Online"the original1462689197110.1017/s0010417500016534178920Eurocentrism: a marxian critical realist critique"Ranjit Guha, "On Some Aspects of Historiography of Colonial India""10.2307/2168385216838510.7202/016593ar"Harvard scholar says the idea of India dates to a much earlier time than the British or the Mughals""In The Footsteps of Pilgrims""India's spiritual landscape: The heavens and the earth""India: A Sacred Geography by Diana L Eck – review"Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy10.2307/21694222169422964322464"The Indian Subcontinent and 'Out of Africa 1'"254043308Encyclopedia of World ReligionsThe Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics"The Early Paleolithic of the Indian Subcontinent: Hominin Colonization, Dispersals and Occupation History"Ancient Indian History and CivilizationAncient Indian Social History: Some Interpretationsthe originalIndia Before EuropeA Concise History of Modern India"The beginning of the historical period, c. 500–150 BCE"full textA History of Indiathe originalexcerpt and text searchexcerptexcerptAn Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991excerpt and text searchexcerpt and text searchIndia as known to the ancient world10.1111/j.1468-0289.1985.tb00391.x2597191onlineThe History of India, as told by its own historians. The Muhammadan Periodonline editionHans William Brown research collection on 19th-century missionary work in India, 1882–1932, Ms. Coll. 1033, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvaniaee