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Padres da Igrexa Características | Tradición grega | Tradición latina | Menú de navegación96754030763-3church-fathers00567135

Padres da Igrexa


cristiáIgrexa ortodoxaIgrexa católicaSagradas EscriturasIgrexa ortodoxaAntigo TestamentoNovo TestamentoXesús de Nazaretresurreccióndogmafilosofía platónica












Padres da Igrexa




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(Redirixido desde "Pais da Igrexa")





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San Xerome, san Gregorio Magno e santo Ambrosio no coro lígneo da catedral de Santiago de Compostela, hoxe no mosteiro de San Martiño Pinario


Padres da Igrexa ou pais da Igrexa é a denominación que se lles dá aos autores da antigüidade cristiá que a Igrexa ortodoxa e a Igrexa católica consideran referencias fundamentais para a definición das verdades en materia de fe e de moral.



Características |


O consenso unánime dos pais da Igrexa na interpretación das Sagradas Escrituras enténdese que é fonte fundamental para o establecemento da doutrina auténtica. Cando a Igrexa ortodoxa e a Igrexa católica consideran que a tradición é fonte de fe e ilumina o senso profundo do Antigo Testamento e do Novo Testamento, apelan ao testemuño destes autores.


Así, o xeito de entender a figura de Xesús de Nazaret como Salvador da humanidade, a súa morte e resurrección e a articulación paulatina do dogma, a través das definicións conciliares, teñen nos pais da Igrexa fonte de inspiración e criterio de interpretación.


Adoitan dividirse entre pais gregos e pais latinos, os primeiros son especialmente venerados polas Igrexas orientais, pero tamén pola Igrexa católica. Os segundos forman tamén parte da gran corrente de pensamento que abranguía a Igrexa indivisa de Oriente e Occidente, se ben é neste onde manteñen a súa autoridade doutrinal. A teoloxía ortodoxa e especialmente a católica insisten na necesidade de comprendelos e interpretalos no contexto cultural da súa época, especialmente imbuído pola filosofía platónica, e o seu desprezo da materia e do terreo. Os pais da Igrexa empregaron o aparello conceptual propio daquel mundo, pero dándolle un novo sentido e preservando o que entendían que era a novidade profunda de Xesús de Nazaret como Cristo e redentor de todos e cada un dos homes.



Tradición grega |


Entre os pais gregos, cabe citar a



  • Xustino Mártir (executado entre os anos 163-167) para quen o cristianismo é a plenitude da filosofía por derivar da encarnación do Logos. Esta filosofía completa o Antigo Testamento e as sementes de verdade das filosofías pagás e xera unha nova sociedade baseada no comunismo e no amor ao inimigo.


  • Santo Irineo (130-200): combateu ao gnosticismo, fronte ao cal defendeu que Deus é o Creador do mundo material, incluído o corpo humano. Estes non son malos por natureza; o mal é froito da liberdade. A Gloria de Deus é que o home viva. Foi executado morrendo como mártir.


  • Oríxenes (186-254): busca o significado espiritual das sagradas escrituras superando o teor literal. Defende a esencia espiritual do home e considera que, mediante un proceso purificador, todos os homes, a creación enteira e o mesmo Satán acadarán a unión con Deus. É a restauración universal ou apocatástase. Morreu a consecuencia das duras torturas ás que foi sometido durante a persecución de Decio.

  • Santo Atanasio de Alexandría (298-373): Bispo de Alexandría. Combateu a herexía de Ario defendendo a divindade do Verbo de Deus. Segundo el, O Verbo de Deus, compadecido da debilidade do home, e condescendente coa súa corrupción, fíxose home, para que o home se fixera Deus. Trátase da fe do Concilio de Nicea, e o xermolo de espiritualidade ortodoxa que pretende acadar a divina humanidade. Foi desterrado cinco veces nos períodos nos que o poder civil apoiaba o arianismo.

  • San Basilio o Grande (331-379): infatigable pastor na defensa dos pobres e os enfermos. Aberto á cultura pagá, recomendou á xente nova a lectura dos clásicos gregos. No terreo da teoloxía, defendeu a divindade do Espírito Santo. Puxo as bases do monacato, buscando superar o individualismo eremítico a través da vida compartida e aberta ao servizo de todos. Desafiou aos emperadores Xuliano o Apóstata e Valente o ariano. É un dos pais da Capadocia.

  • San Gregorio Nacianceno (330-390): defendeu, fronte ao apolinarismo, a integridade da natureza humana de Cristo. Por amor á concordia renunciou ao bispado de Constantinopla. É un dos pais da Capadocia.

  • San Gregorio de Nisa (335-395): segundo o seu pensamento, o home é o cume de Creación e é froito do amor sobreabondante de Deus. Pola redención de Cristo, todos os homes, a natureza enteira e o mesmo demo serán reconstituídos para unha vida eterna feliz (apocatástase). É un dos pais da Capadocia.

  • San Xoán Crisóstomo (347-407): proclamado polo pobo de Constantinopla bispo da cidade. Defendeu ao seu pobo fronte ao Emperador, solidarizouse cos pobres e fustrigou o luxo da Corte imperial, morrendo por isto no desterro. Foi moi famoso polos seus sermóns ao tempo claros e elocuentes. Neles predicou o amor desinteresado e o senso da xustiza. Consideraba ao home como o maior prodixio do Universo, máis prezado para Deus que a Creación enteira.

  • San Xoán Damasceno (675-749): defendeu a veneración ás iconas, fronte ao Emperador León III e os iconoclastas. Cristo é a Icona de Deus por antonomasia. Deus, pola encarnación do seu fillo, redimiunos a través da materia. As iconas, en canto imaxes materiais, elévannos ao transcendente. A ordenación do Cosmos evoca unha Intelixencia persoal ordenadora. De tódolos xeitos, a mellor maneira de falar de Deus é en negativo, porque todo o que lle atribuamos é máis desigual ca igual a El, debido a súa infinitude insondable.


Tradición latina |


Entre os pais latinos, cómpre citar:



  • Cibrán de Cartago (200-258): bispo de Cartago. Sufriu a persecución do emperador Decio. Debateu co Papa Cornelio sobre a reintegración dos fieis que abandonaran a Igrexa durante esa persecución, defendendo unha posición equidistante máis rigorosa que a do bispo de Roma. No contexto da persecución do emperador Valeriano, foi decapitado.

  • San León I Magno (+ 461): primeiro Papa no sentido histórico do termo (primado de Pedro). Exerceu un auténtico liderado na Igrexa occidental. Foi célebre o seu diálogo pacífico con Atila que evitou a invasión e saqueo da cidade polos hunos.

  • Santo Ambrosio de Milán (339-397): proclamado polo pobo bispo de Milán debido á súa recoñecida sabedoría e bondade. Condenou a matanza de Tesalónica perpetrada polo Emperador Teodosio I. Supeditou a lexitimidade do seu poder á submisión aos valores da xustiza e a caridade consonte o espírito cristiá. Repróchaselle certa intolerancia cos xudeus.

  • Santo Agostiño de Hipona (354-430): pensador fundamental da historia da filosofía. En canto ás súas ideas estritamente relixiosas cabe salientar: A Graza: don gratuíto do Amor de Deus que concede a salvación sen mérito por parte do home; isto enfrontouno a Pelaxio que defendía a salvación polas boas obras e foi considerado herexe. A Santa Trindade: na obra do mesmo nome concibe a unidade substancial de Deus como unha comuñón de Amor entre as tres persoas divinas. A Cidade de Deus: como meta da humanidade que supón desacralizar o poder político, o cal debe someterse ás esixencias da xustiza e da caridade consonte o espírito cristiá. O home: criatura feita á imaxe e semellanza de Deus que, tal como expresa nas súas Confesións, vivirá inquedo ata que non acougue en Deus. A moral: centrada no amor ao próximo incluído o inimigo (ama e fai o que queiras, afirmará no seu Comentario á primeira Carta de S. Xoán). Para Agostiño "o amor é unha perla preciosa que, se non se posúe, de nada serven o resto das cousas, e se se posúe, sobra todo o demais".


  • San Xerome (347-420): tradutor ao latín da Biblia (Vulgata). De espírito inquedo e unha vasta cultura, sostivo con paixón as máis diversas polémicas teolóxicas. Fustrigou ao clero de Roma, ás virxes hipócritas e á comodidade dos monxes, o que o levou a vivir como eremita en Terra Santa a onde trasladou a súa extensa biblioteca. Non compartiu as correntes maniqueas e gnósticas que condenaban o matrimonio, pero insistiu en considerar máis excelsa a virxindade.

  • San Gregorio I Magno (540-604): papa que se considerou a si mesmo como servo dos servos de Deus. Impulsou o monacato segundo a regra de san Bieito de Nursia (Oración, pobreza, lectura, traballo, e vida comunitaria) e deu un forte pulo á evanxelización das afastadas terras pagás esixindo o respecto á cultura e santuarios indíxenas. Puxo as bases do canto gregoriano.




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