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Patriarca de Constantinopla Índice Historia | Patriarcas de Constantinopla | Notas e referencias | Véxase tamén | Menú de navegación"Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land"o orixinalhome.comcast.netPáxina web do Patriarcado Ecuménico de Constantinoplalista dos patriarcas gregosLraper, boletín do Patriarcado ArmenioEntrada de Constantinopla na Catholic Encyclopedia

Patriarcas de ConstantinoplaCristianismo en Turquía


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Patriarca de Constantinopla




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O título de Patriarca de Constantinopla é o que levan algúns bispos que ocupan a sé de Constantinopla (hoxe Istambul, Turquía), ou que a ocuparon antigamente e mantiveron o nome ao trasladar a sé a outro lugar. O máis coñecido deles é o Patriarca ecuménico de Constantinopla, da Igrexa ortodoxa de Constantinopla, e polo xeral a expresión «Patriarca de Constantinopla» refírese a el. Ademais do prelado ortodoxo, reclama o título a Igrexa apostólica armenia e, antigamente, a Igrexa católica latina.




Índice





  • 1 Historia


  • 2 Patriarcas de Constantinopla

    • 2.1 Antes do Gran Cisma


    • 2.2 Despois do Gran Cisma

      • 2.2.1 Igrexa ortodoxa


      • 2.2.2 Igrexa Católica Latina



    • 2.3 Patriarcas armenios de Constantinopla



  • 3 Notas e referencias


  • 4 Véxase tamén

    • 4.1 Ligazóns externas





Historia |


Cando en 324 o emperador romano Constantino fixou a nova capital imperial en Bizancio dándolle o nome de Constantinopla, convocou no ano 325 o Primeiro Concilio Ecuménico a celebrar en Nicea no que, entre outras decisións doctrinales, se procedeu a organizar a Igrexa en patriarcados e dioceses, creando as sés patriarcais de Roma, Alexandría, Antioquía e Xerusalén.


Posteriormente, no Segundo Concilio Ecuménico, celebrado en Constantinopla no ano 381, declarouse que o bispo de Constantinopla debía ter a primacía de honra logo do bispo de Roma, por ser a Nova Roma (canon III)[1]. Debido a que esta decisión foi tomada por presións imperiais, o patriarcado de Alexandría protestou, xa que anteriormente tiña a preferencia de honor logo da sé romana, e o papa Dámaso I rexeitou confirmar dito canon.[2]


A sé foi elevada a patriarcado no Concilio de Calcedonia de 451, recibindo xurisdición sobre Asia Menor e Tracia, así como sobre os territorios non cristianizados que non estaban baixo a xurisdicón do patriarcado de Occidente e dos outros tres patriarcados (Alexandría, Antioquía e Xerusalén (canon XXVIII), que o papa León I rexeitou aceptar. Non foi até o pontificado de Hadrián II, co Cuarto Concilio de Constantinopla, que Roma recoñeceu o rango patriarcal de Constantinopla.



Patriarcas de Constantinopla |



Antes do Gran Cisma |



Para ver a lista completa de Patriarcas de Constantinopla aceptados por católicos e ortodoxos antes do Gran Cisma, véxase Lista dos patriarcas ecuménicos de Constantinopla.


División entre as Igrexas Orientais e Occidentais en 1054 segundo o "Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land".[3][4]


En 732 os Balcáns estaban baixo a xurisdición do Patriarcado de Constantinopla. Tamén nesa época, na década de 730, o papa León III transferiu Illyricum e o sur de Italia (Sicilia e Calabria) á xurisdición do patriarcado de Constantinopla.


En 862 o patriarca Focio, logo da petición do príncipe Rastislav da Gran Moravia, enviou aos irmáns Constantino e Metodio a evanxelizar aos eslavos. Xa houbera misioneiros cristiáns occidentais no seu reino, mais Rastislav expulsáraos tentando obter maior independencia do Sacro Imperio Romano Xermánico. Os irmáns, debido ás disputas entre latinos e bizantinos, viaxaron a Roma a reunirse co Papa, buscando apoio ás súas actividades misioneiras. Aínda que Constantino quedou finalmente en Roma e entrou nun mosteiro, tomando o nome de Cirilo, o papa Hadrián II enviou novamente a Metodio en 869, dándolle xurisdición sobre toda Moravia e Pannonia.


No século IX sucedeu a cristianización de Bulgaria, territorio baixo a xurisdición do patriarcado. Posteriormente, no mesmo século, chegou a a cristianización do Rus de Kiev. Para comezos do século XI a maioría do mundo eslavo, principal territorio do Patriarcado, convertérase ao cristianismo.



Despois do Gran Cisma |



Igrexa ortodoxa |



Artigo principal: Patriarca Ecuménico de Constantinopla.


Para ver a lista completa de Patriarcas ortodoxos de Constantinopla, véxase Lista dos patriarcas ecuménicos de Constantinopla.


As xurisdicións ortodoxas e ortodoxas orientais actuais:      Patriarcado de Constantinopla


O Patriarca Ecuménico ten sido tamén coñecido como o Patriarca Grego de Constantinopla,[5] para diferencialo do armenio e do latino. É o primeiro en honor entre todos os bispos da Igrexa ortodoxa. É o máximo dirixente da Igrexa ortodoxa de Constantinopla e, aínda que non ten xurisdición sobre as outras Igrexas ortodoxas, está considerado o líder espiritual dos 300 millóns de ortodoxos do mundo; e ten o dereito de presidir os sínodos pan-ortodoxos.


A xurisdición do patriarca diminuíu co paso do tempo. A Igrexa ortodoxa rusa declarou en 1448 a súa autocefalia, pouco antes da caída de Constantinopla en mans otomás. A Igrexa ortodoxa serbia foi declarada independente polo goberno do país en 1832. Co debilitamento do poder otomán chegou a declaración de autocefalia da Igrexa de Grecia en 1833, da Igrexa ortodoxa romanesa en 1865. En 1860 separouse a Igrexa ortodoxa búlgara e en 1922 a Igrexa ortodoxa albanesa declarou a súa autocefalia.


Ademais disto, outras igrexas ortodoxas de áreas en disputa recibiron autonomía, entre elas a Igrexa ortodoxa finesa e a Igrexa ortodoxa apostólica estoniana en 1923, a Igrexa ortodoxa polaca en 1924, e a Igrexa ortodoxa checa e eslovaca en 1998.


Na actualidade, a xurisdición patriarcal en Europa, Asia e África redúcese aos territorios de grande parte de Turquía e o norte de Grecia. Ademais, tamén ten xurisdición, segundo a súa interpretación do canon XXVIII do Concilio de Calcedonia, sobre as terras de nova cristianización, polo que tería autoridade sobre América, Asia e Oceanía. Isto, porén, non é aceptado por outros patriarcados, que manteñen xurisdicións propias neses territorios.


O número de fieis dos patriarcado en Turquía, o seu principal territorio canónico, é moi reducido e concéntranse en Istambul; isto débese a que durante a conferencia de Lausana de 1923 acordouse un intercambio de poboación entre Turquía e Grecia, e os gregos que vivían en Turquía foron expulsados cara a Grecia, coa excepción dos de Istambul.



Igrexa Católica Latina |



Artigo principal: Patriarcado Latino de Constantinopla.

Para ver a lista completa de Patriarcas Latinos de Constantinopla, véxase tamén dito artigo.

O Patriarca Latino de Constantinopla foi estabelecido logo do saqueo de Constantinopla polos participantes na Cuarta Cruzada en 1204. O Papa, nun primeiro momento, non estivo de acordo coa mesma, mais finalmente aceptou a suxestión dos cregos latinos de estabelecer un patriarcado latino suxeito a Roma.


O Imperio Latino foi derrotado en 1261, aínda que o patriarcado latino seguiu a existir como sé titular durante moitos séculos, até que non se lle asignou ninguén logo de 1948, e en 1964 foi abolido.



Patriarcas armenios de Constantinopla |



Artigo principal: Patriarcado Armenio de Constantinopla.

Para ver a lista completa de Patriarcas Armenios de Constantinopla, véxase tamén dito artigo.



Shenork I Kaloustian, patriarca entre 1963 e 1990.


O Patriarca Armenio de Constantinopla é a cabeza do patriarcado armenio de Constantinopla, baixo a autoridade do Cathólicos de Todos os Armenios, cabeza da Igrexa Apostólica Armenia, aínda que autónomo en aspectos locais.


O primeiro patriarca foi Hovakim (Xoaquín) I de Constantinopla, elixido por Mehmed II para ser a máxima autoridade dos armenios dentro do Imperio Otomán.[6]



Notas e referencias |




  1. ↑ Francisco Javier Lomas Salmonte, Pedro López Barja de Quiroga (2004). Ediciones AKAL, ed. Historia de Roma (en castelán). p. 544. ISBN 9788446012252. 


  2. ↑ Henry Chadwick (2001). Oxford University Press, ed. The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great. p. 429. ISBN 9780191529955. 


  3. ↑ "Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land". Arquivado dende o orixinal o 10 de xuño de 2013. Consultado o 24 de xaneiro de 2014. 


  4. ↑ home.comcast.net


  5. ↑ Por exemplo, en Institutes of ecclesiastical history, de Johann Lorenz von Mosheim.


  6. ↑ Adrian Fortescue (2001). Gorgias Press LLC, ed. Eastern Churches Trilogy: The Lesser Eastern Churches. p. 418. ISBN 9780971598621. 



Véxase tamén |



Ligazóns externas |



  • Páxina web do Patriarcado Ecuménico de Constantinopla e lista dos patriarcas gregos (en inglés)


  • Lraper, boletín do Patriarcado Armenio (en armenio) (en turco)


  • Entrada de Constantinopla na Catholic Encyclopedia (en inglés)




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Isurus Índice Especies | Notas | Véxase tamén | Menú de navegación"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)"o orixinal"A review of the Tertiary fossil Cetacea (Mammalia) localities in wales port taf Museum Victoria"o orixinalThe Vertebrate Fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama. Part VII. Part VIII. The Mosasaurs The Fishes50419737IDsh85068767Isurus2548834613242066569678159923NHMSYS00210535017845105743

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Elasmobranquios xénerocondrictioselasmobranquioslamniformesfamilialámnidosmarraxo azulmarraxo azul pequenofósiles Isurus Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego. Saltar ata a navegación Saltar á procura Isurus Rango fósil: tanetiano (paleoceno inferior, hai 56 Ma) - actualidade [ 1 ] Marraxo azul ( I. oxyrinchus ) Marraxo azul pequeno ( I. paucus ) Clasificación científica Reino: Animalia Filo: Chordata Clase: Chondrichthyes Subclase: Elasmobranchii Orde: Lamniformes Familia: Lamnidae Xénero: Isurus Rafinesque, 1810 Especie tipo Isurus oxyrhinchus Rafinesque, 1810 Sinonimia Isuropsis Gill, 1862 Lamiostoma Glikman, 1964 Oxyrhina Agassiz, 1838 Oxyrrhina Bonaparte, 1846 Plectrostoma Gistel, 1848 Isurus é un xénero de condrictios elasmobranquios lamniformes ( Lamniformes ) da familia dos lámnidos ( Lamnidae ), coñecidos como marraxos azuis . Comprende dúas especies, o marraxo azu...
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