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Pelaxe Índice Composición | Mamíferos sen pelo | Uso para vestir | Notas | Véxase tamén | Menú de navegaciónDicionario da Real Academia GalegaPortal das PalabrasDicionario da Real Academia GalegaPortal das PalabrasDicionario da Real Academia GalegaPortal das Palabras"Cheiromeles torquatus"1121490510.1007/s004390000439"Molecular evolution of HR, a gene that regulates the postnatal cycle of the hair follicle"Humane Society International Fur Trade"Fur production, by province and territory"The fur industry300011811ID4173641-2fur00565294

Anatomía dos mamíferos


pelosmamíferospeleteiraratas toupa espidascans sen pelocetáceosPrehistoriadocodontosHaramiyidaeutriconodontoscetáceoshipopótamofocaselefanterinocerontepseudoxenequeratinagato esfinxehomínidoshome de Neanderthalveludorapososcoellosvisónscastoresarmiñolontrasmartas cibelinasfocascoioteschinchillasmapachespóssumscoirolafeltrodereitos dos animais












Pelaxe




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Pelaxe dun didélfido.


A pelaxe[1] é a calidadade ou características dos pelos dos animais mamíferos. O pelame[2] é o conxunto de pelos que nacen da pel dos animais mamíferos, especialmente a daqueles que teñen unha extensa cobertura de pelos. Cando as pelaxes dos animais son procesadas na industria peleteira para convertelas en abrigos e outros complementos para vestir conservando o seu pelo denomínase xeralmente peles[3]. As máis apreciadas son as de pelos suaves e mestos, en oposición aos pelames de pelos escasos e duros de animais como os porcos, que non se utilizan. As pelaxes poden constar de capas diferenciadas de pelos. Os mamíferos con cantidades reducidas de pelo denomínanse ás veces "espidos" ou sen pelo, como as ratas toupa espidas, os cans sen pelo, cetáceos ou en boa medida o ser humano.


Os animais con pelaxes comercialmente valiosas son importantes para a industria peleteira, polo que son cazados ou criados. Os seres humanos utilizaron as peles de animais desde a Prehistoria para abrigarse. Porén, actualmente, o uso de peles para vestir ou decorar considérase polémico por parte dun sector da poboación que está en contra da caza ou da crianza de animais para usar a súa pelaxe con ese fin, xa que considera que non é moralmente aceptable.




Índice





  • 1 Composición


  • 2 Mamíferos sen pelo

    • 2.1 Selección natural


    • 2.2 Selección artificial



  • 3 Uso para vestir

    • 3.1 Controversia



  • 4 Notas


  • 5 Véxase tamén

    • 5.1 Outros artigos


    • 5.2 Ligazóns externas





Composición |




Tipos de pelo que forman o pelame dun gato doméstico.


O pelame dos animais xeralmente consta de dúas capas principais de pelo con distintas características, que son:


  • Pelos da capa inferior de tipo peluxe. A capa inferior consta de pelos lanosos, xeralmente ondulados ou rizados sen porcións rectas nin puntas bicudas; adoitan ser pelos curtos, planos, rizados e máis numerosos que os da capa superior. A súa principal función é a termorregulación; manteñen unha capa de aire seco a rentes da pel e repelen a auga, o que proporciona o illamento térmico.

  • Pelos da capa superior ou de cobertura. A capa superior consta de pelos máis longos, xeralmente máis bastos, con talos case rectos, que fan protrusión entre os pelos da capa inferior. Os extremos distais destes pelos orixinan a capa visible externamente do pelame da maioría dos animais con pelame ben desenvolvido. Esta capa mostra a pigmentación e brillo máis marcado, incluíndo os patróns de debuxo e coloración adaptados para a exhibición ou a camuflaxe. Tamén está adaptada a protexer da auga e bloquear a luz solar, protexendo así a capa inferior e a pel de factores externos como a chuvia e a luz ultravioleta. Moitos animais, como os gatos domésticos, poden ourizar os pelos desta capa como parte da súa exhibición de ameaza cando son inquietados.

Os mamíferos con capas inferior e superior de pelo ben desenvolvidas tamén adoitan ter un gran número de pelos intermedios. Estes empezan o seu crecemento de forma similar aos pelos típicos da capa superior, pero cambian o seu modo de crcemento, xeralmente cando emerxeu menos da metade da lonxitude do pelo. O resto do crecemento é formando un pelo delgado e ondulado, similar ao pelo da capa inferior. En moitas especies de mamíferos, estes pelos comprenden a maior parte do seu pelame visible. A parte proximal destes pelos ten a mesma función que os pelos da capa inferior, mentres que a parte distal achega a función de protección contra a auga que teñen os pelos a capa superior, aínda que a súa porción basal delgada impide que poidan ser ourizados como os verdadeiros pelos da capa superior.




Pelame de auga xerada por computador.


As características modernas da pelaxe dos mamíferos crese que apareceron cos docodontos, Haramiyida e eutriconodontos, e os fósiles de Castorocauda, Megaconus e Spinolestes conservaron folículos compostos con pelos das dúas capas.



Mamíferos sen pelo |


O pelo é unha das características definitorias dos mamíferos, pero varios grupos, especies ou razas teñen unha cantidade de pelo considerablemente reducida ou case ausente, polo que se denominan "espidos" ou "sen pelo".



Selección natural |


Algúns mamíferos reduciron de forma natural a súa cantidade de pelo. Algúns mamíferos acuáticos ou semiacuáticos como os cetáceos ou hipopótamo ou certas especies de focas evolucionaron cara a unha pel espida, presumiblemente para reducir a resistencia á auga. A rata-toupa espida (Heterocephalus glaber) tamén perdeu o pelo, quizais como unha adaptación ao seu estilo de vida subterráneo. Dous dos grandes mamíferos existentes, o elefante e o rinoceronte, teñen moi poucos pelos. O morcego espido (Cheiromeles torquatus) case non ten pelos pero teñen curtos pelos bastos arredor do pescozo, nas súas dedas frontais, e arredor do saco da súa gorxa, xunto con pelos finos na cabeza e membrana da cola. A maioría dos animais sen pelo non poden estar ao sol durante moito tempo ou permaneceren en zonas frías por tempo prolongado.[4]


Os seres humanos son a única especie de primates que evolucionaron experimentando unha significativa perda de pelo corporal. Isto pode deberse á perda da funcionalidade do pseudoxene KRTHAP1 (que axuda a producir queratina) na liñaxe humana hai uns 240.000 anos.[5] As mutacións no xene HR poden orixinar unha completa perda de pelo, aíndo que isto non é o típico nos humanos.[6]



Selección artificial |


Os humanos seleccionaron artrificialmente algunhas especies de animais domesticados para orixinar razas espidas. Hai varias razas de gatos espidos, unha das mellos coñecidas é o gato esfinxe. De xeito similar, hai varias razas de cans sen pelo. Outros exemplos de animais sen pelo seleccionados artificialmente son o cobaia sen pelo, o rato espido e a rata sen pelo.



Uso para vestir |




O piloto norteamericano e explorador ártico Carl Eielson, que leva posto un abrigo de pel.


Para o seu uso para vestir, as peles son normalmente coiro que conserva o seu pelo de especies que teñen unha pelaxe moi estética ou que ten propiedades de illamento. As peles servíronlle de vestido a varios homínidos, como o home de Neanderthal. As peles de animais usadas como adornos e tapicerías poden ser tinguidas con diversas cores ou imitar os debuxos de animais exóticos ou recortadas para imitar a sensación dun tecido de suave veludo.


Entre as fontes animais usuais para accesorios para vestir ou para tapicería están os raposos, coellos, visóns, castores, armiño, lontras, martas cibelinas, focas, coiotes, chinchillas, mapaches, e póssums.


A fabricación de peles para vestir implica conservar os pelos nas peles procesadas, mentres que na fabricación de coiro se elimina o pelo da pel, que despois se curte. O uso de la implica cortar o pelo do animal vivo, que despois lle volve a crecer, polo que non se usa a pel senó só o pelo.[7]


As peles tamén se usan para facer feltro. Por exemplo, un feltro de gran calidade é o que se obtén do castor e se usa en norteamértica para facer sombreiro de vaqueiro de gran calidade.[8]



Controversia |




Peles de raposo Vulpes vulpes.


A maioría dos activistas pro dereitos dos animais opóñense ao trampeo ou caza de animais salvaxes e ao confinamento e matanza de animais en granxas para obter as súas peles. Segundo a Humane Society International, cada ano atrápanse na natureza uns 8 millóns de animais para obter a súa pel, mentres que se crían máis de 30 millóns en granxas peleteiras.[9]


Por exemplo, segundo Statistics Canada, en 2010 matáronse 2,6 millóns de animais de peletería criados en granxas. Outros 700.000 morreron en trampas colocadas en ambientes silvestres.[10][11]



Notas |




  1. ↑ Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para Pelaxe.


  2. ↑ Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para Pelame.


  3. ↑ Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para Pel.


  4. ↑ Thomson, Paul (2002). "Cheiromeles torquatus". Animal Diversity Web. Consultado o 29 October 2013. 


  5. ↑ Winter, H.; Langbein, L.; Krawczak, M.; Cooper, D. N.; Jave-Suarez, L. F.; Rogers, M. A.; Praetzel, S.; Heidt, P. J.; Schweizer, J. (2001). "Human type I hair keratin pseudogene phihHaA has functional orthologs in the chimpanzee and gorilla: Evidence for recent inactivation of the human gene after the Pan-Homo divergence". Human Genetics 108 (1): 37–42. PMID 11214905. doi:10.1007/s004390000439. 


  6. ↑ "Molecular evolution of HR, a gene that regulates the postnatal cycle of the hair follicle". Consultado o 2012-03-13. 


  7. ↑ Australian Wool Corporation, Australian Wool Classing, Raw Wool Services, 1990.


  8. ↑ Chamber's journal, Published by Orr and Smith, 1952, pg 200, Original from the University of Michigan.


  9. ↑ Humane Society International Fur Trade.


  10. ↑ "Fur production, by province and territory".


  11. ↑ The fur industry. Peta, n.d.



Véxase tamén |



Outros artigos |


  • Coloración animal

  • Cor do pelo

  • Plumaxe


Ligazóns externas |







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