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Ruta da seda Índice Orixe | Historia | Notas | Véxase tamén | Menú de navegación1442eA ruta da seda na antiguidade por André BuenoPáxina da UNESCO sobre a Ruta da sedaWorldCat315127655ADV11984660XX45456611970767h190501012437304054299-3sh85122554005712357031416

Historia temáticaPatrimonio da Humanidade na ChinaPatrimonio da Humanidade en CasaquistánPatrimonio da Humanidade en Kirguizistán


AsiaEuropaXi'anChinaAntioquiaSiriaConstantinoplaIstambulTurquíaEuropasedaxeógrafoFerdinand Freiherr von Richthofenpartospedrasmetais preciososlaliñoámbarmarfillacaespeciasvidrocoralDinastía HanHunosChinaAsia CentralKirguizistánUzbekistánTaxikistánImperio HanVal de Ferghana102 a.C.estepasEufratesPartia53 a.C.RomaXi'anZhang QianLanzhouXiningGansuTaklamakanTian ShanKunlun










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Ruta da seda




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Ruta da seda: rede viaria das rutas do corredor de Chang'an-Tianshan

Silk route.jpg
A Ruta da Seda estendíase de Europa a Asia. As rutas terrestres son vermellas e as rutas marítimas son de cor azul.

Patrimonio da Humanidade - UNESCO
País
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svgChina
Flag of Kazakhstan.svgCasaquistán
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svgKirguizistán
TipoCultural
CriteriosII, III, IV, VI
Inscrición2014 (38ª sesión)
Rexión da UNESCO
Asia e o Pacífico
Identificador1442


A ruta da seda


A Ruta da seda era unha rede de rutas comerciais entre Asia e Europa que se estendía dende Chang'an (actualmente Xi'an) en China, até Antioquia en Siria medieval e Constantinopla (actualmente Istambul, Turquía) ás portas de Europa. O seu nome ven da mercancía máis prestixiosa que circulaba nela, a seda, cuxa fabricación era un segredo que só os chineses coñecían. Utilizase esta denominación dende o século XIX e debesella ao xeógrafo alemán Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen. O tránsito por lugares desérticos daba lugar aos típicos camiños para caravanas de camelos e cabalos. Os romanos xa eran grandes afeccionados tras coñecer o segredo antes do comezo da nosa era, a través dos partos, e foron estes que organizaron entón o comercio da seda. Moitos outros produtos transitaban por estas rutas : pedras e metais preciosos, teas de la ou de liño, ámbar, marfil, laca, especias, vidro, coral etc.




Índice





  • 1 Orixe


  • 2 Historia


  • 3 Notas


  • 4 Véxase tamén

    • 4.1 Outros artigos


    • 4.2 Ligazóns externas





Orixe |


Cóntase que o Emperador Wu da Dinastía Han decidiu en 138 a.C. fraguar alianzas cos reinos do oeste e do noroeste, archienemigos das tribos Xiang-Nu (os Hunos xa que sufría unha serie de invasións continuadas (cada vez máis frecuentes, máis violentas e menos contenibles), protagonizadas por unha serie de tribos nómades situadas ao noroeste das súas fronteiras. Tribos cuxa superioridade militar era unha consecuencia directa do hábil manexo dunha cabalería forte, esvelta e lixeira, máis apta para a guerra que a chinesa, cuxos cabalos eran absolutamente inadecuados para toda actividade que esixise rapidez de movementos. E por tal motivo, encomendou ao Xeneral Zhang Qian esta misión, outorgándolle cen dos seus mellores guerreiros e presentes de incalculable valor para selar esta alianza militar e política. Trece anos despois, habendo sido hostigado durante dez anos polos Hunos, o xeneral Zhang Qian regresa á Corte Imperial Han con só un membro da partida. Aínda que non lograra establecer nin unha soa das alianzas militares da súa misión, o xeneral Zhang informou á corte, da existencia de trinta e seis reinos, verdadeiras potencias comerciais, nas fronteiras oestes de China. Así, o xeneral Zhang contou dos magníficos cabalos das chairas do Val de Ferghana en Asia Central (hoxe Kirguizistán, Uzbekistán e Taxikistán), moito máis fortes e veloces que os cabalos chineses, cos que a cabalería do Imperio Han podería enfrontar aos Hunos en mellores condicións.


Posteriormente, as misións diplomáticas e comerciais cos reinos do Val de Ferghana non lograron garantir a seguridade nin afianzar o comercio, polo que China preparou unha invasión a grande escala, aínda que foi na segunda arremetida no ano 102 a.C. que China logrou conquistar todas as terras entre as súas propias fronteiras e os Reinos do Val de Ferghana. Así os chineses non só conseguiron asegurarse a importación dos famosos cabalos das estepas, senón que conseguiron establecer os seus propios produtos nos mercados destes reinos. Cincuenta anos máis tarde, cando Marcus Licinius Crasus cruzou o Eufrates para conquistar Partia no ano 53 a.C., asombrouse ao ver un brillante, suave e marabilloso novo tecido. Unhas décadas máis tarde, as máis adiñeiradas familias de Roma, estaban marabillados de vestirse co máis prezado tecido : a seda.



Historia |


Xi'an é a extremidade leste de o camiño da seda considerado como aberto polo xeneral chinés Zhang Qian no século II a.C.
Os convoyos de caravanas íanse de *Xi'an, Lanzhou ou Xining e tomaban o corredor de Gansu logo contorneaban polo norte ou o sur o deserto de Taklamakan, que é un dos máis áridos do mundo. Estas dúas ramas principais posuían diferentes variantes, e foron balizadas por cidades e caravaneras os nomes das cales e a importancia variaron no curso dos tempos. Pero todas estas pistas unían entre elas oasises situadas na periferia do deserto e ao pé das altas montañas de Tian Shan ou de Kunlun:


  • ao norte: Tourfan, Ouroumtchi, Karachahr, Koutcha, Aksou, Kashgar;

  • ao sur: Dunhuang, Miran, Cherchen, Niya, Khotan, Yarkand.


Notas |





Véxase tamén |



Outros artigos |


  • Caravasar


Ligazóns externas |





  • A ruta da seda na antiguidade por André Bueno (en portugués).


  • Páxina da UNESCO sobre a Ruta da seda (en francés).




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