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Lingua sueca Índice Clasificación | Historia | Datos | Dialectos | Escrita | Notas | Véxase tamén | Menú de navegaciónDicionario da Real Academia GalegaPortal das PalabrasThe Penguin dictionary of language (2ª ed.)Swedish 101ee3003893364211933330z4692030IDsweswed12544116437-4sh8513113500571515ph12789313958swe

AlemánBúlgaroCastelánChecoCroataDinamarquésEslovacoEslovenoEstonianoInglésFinésFrancésGregoHúngaroIrlandésItalianoLetónLituanoMaltésNeerlandésPolacoPortuguésRomanésSuecoFeroésIslandésNorueguésNynorskDinamarquésNorueguésBokmålSueco


Lingua suecaLinguas de FinlandiaLinguas de Suecia


lingua xermánicaEuropaFinlandiadanésnorueguésSueciaFinlandiaÅlandlingua indoeuropeaescandinavalinguas xermánicasdinamarquésnorueguésferoésislandésneonorueguésSueciaDinamarcaXVIXVIInacionalistasortografíadicionariosgramáticaslingüísticacontinuum dialectalBohuslänDalslandVärmlandDalarnaHärjedalenJämtlandEra Viquingadinamarqués8001300Idade MediaEstocolmoGotlandlatíngregobaixo alemán1495BibliaReforma15261541149315521917modelo escritoLuís XIV16431715século XVIII1786Gustavo IIIescritaFinlandiaDalslandilla de GotlandFinlandiaEstocolmoséculo XVIIDinamarca












Lingua sueca




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Sueco
svenska
Falado en:

Suecia, Finlandia, Noruega
Rexións:
Suecia
Total de falantes:
9 000 000
Posición:
89º

Familia:

Lingua xermánica
 Grupo Nórdico
  Sueco
Estatuto oficial
Lingua oficial de:
Flag of Sweden.svg Suecia
Flag of Finland.svg Finlandia (cooficial)
Flag of Europe.svg Unión Europea
Regulado por:
Regulado indirectamente pola Academia Sueca
Códigos de lingua

ISO 639-1:

sv
ISO 639-2:
swe

SIL:

SWD [1]

Idioma sueco.PNG

O sueco[1] (svenska Sv-svenska.ogg escoitar ) é unha lingua xermánica falada no norte de Europa, en concreto en Suecia e na costa de Finlandia (falada por un 5% dos fineses), é moi similar ó danés e o noruegués, máis diferénciase delas na pronunciación e ortografía. É falada por nove millóns de persoas, sobre todo en Suecia e en partes da Finlandia, especialmente na costa e nas illas Åland.




Índice





  • 1 Clasificación


  • 2 Historia


  • 3 Datos


  • 4 Dialectos


  • 5 Escrita


  • 6 Notas


  • 7 Véxase tamén

    • 7.1 Ligazóns externas





Clasificación |


O sueco é unha lingua indoeuropea, e pertence á rama escandinava das linguas xermánicas. Na clasificación establecida, forma parte das linguas escandinavas orientais xunto co dinamarqués e o noruegués (norsk-bokmaal), separándoo das linguas escandinavas occidentais, que conteñen o feroés, o islandés e o neonoruegués (nynorsk). De todas as maneiras, análises máis recentes dividen a linguas escandinavas en dous grupos: o escandinavo insular (feroés e islandés) e o escandinavo continental (dinamarqués, noruegués e sueco), baseándose na mutua intelixibilidade debido á forte influencia das linguas escandinavas orientais (sobre todo do dinamarqués) no noruegués durante o último milenio, así coma na diverxencia do feroés e o islandés.


Segundo moitos criterios de intelixibilidade mutua, as linguas escandinavas continentais poderían ser consideradas perfectamente dialectos dun mesmo idioma escandinavo. Así mesmo, e a causa de diversos séculos de rivalidade, ás veces bastante intensa, entre Suecia e Dinamarca, incluíndo unha longa serie de guerras nos séculos XVI e XVII, e das ideas nacionalistas que apareceron a finais do século XIX e princios do século XX, as diferentes linguas teñen ortografía, dicionarios, gramáticas e órgaos reguladores diferentes. Así pois, dende unha perspectiva lingüística, é máis preciso describir o dinamarqués, o noruegués e o sueco coma un continuum dialectal da lingua escandinava, e algúns dos dialectos, coma os que se falan na fronteira entre Noruega e Suecia –especialmente partes de Bohuslän, Dalsland, Värmland occidental, Dalarna occidental, Härjedalen e Jämtland– sitúanse a medio camiño entre as linguas estándar nacionais.[2]



Historia |


Antes da Era Viquinga é difícil estabelecer unha distinción entre o sueco e o dinamarqués, mais despois do ano 800 as linguas escandinavas orientais comezan a se separar, tendo lugar unha acentuada división despois das innovacións dinamarquesas arredor de 1300.


A lingua sueca moderna desenvolveuse na rexión de Mälaren-Uppland, onde estaban localizados os principais centros de goberno e ensino da Idade Media (Estocolmo e Uppsala), e foi influída tamén polo dialecto da rexión de Gotland.


A historia da lingua sueca divídese en dous grandes períodos:



  • Sueco Antigo, que engloba a Era Viquinga e a Idade Media, podendo subdividirse en período rúnico (cerca de 800-1225), período clásico (cerca de 1225-1375) e período recente (cerca de 1375-1526). Os textos máis antigos na lingua sueca son inscricións rúnicas do século IX, das cales a máis importante é a atopada na Pedra Rök (Östergötland, Suecia), que presenta 850 runas. Os textos inscritos máis antigos nun alfabeto latino modificado son textos oficiais medievais: un fragmento do Dereito gótico occidental antigo, da década de 1220, e un texto completo pertencente ao código legal da década de 1280.

Nesta época, o léxico experimentou importantes mudanzas: a igrexa introduciu empréstamos do latín e do grego, tales como brev “carta”, do latín breve scriptum; kyrka, “igrexa”, do grego kyriakon; kloster, “mosteiro”, do latín claustrum; biskop, “bispo”, do grego episkopos; präst, “sacerdote”, do latín presbyter. No ámbito do comercio e dos servizos tamén se incorporaron moitos empréstamos procedentes do baixo alemán, como frakt, “carga”, de vracht; skomakare, “zapateiro”, de schômaker; novos produtos: tyg, “tela”, de tuch; ättika, “vinagre”, de etik; etc.



  • Sueco moderno, dividíndose en sueco moderno antigo (1526-1732) e sueco moderno recente (a partir de 1732 en diante).


Portada da Biblia de Gustav Vasa (1541). O título significa: "A Bíblia / Que é / A Sagrada Escritura / En sueco. Impreso en Uppsala. 1541".


A chegada da imprenta marca o inicio deste novo período, coa conseguinte normativización ortográfica e de puntuación que comporta a publicación en masa. O primeiro libro impreso en sueco apareceu en 1495 co título Aff dyäfwlsens frestelse (“Sobre a tentación do demo”), mais as obras impresas máis importantes son traducións da Biblia da Reforma Nya testamentet , de 1526, e Gustav Vasas Bibel, de 1541, traducida por Olaf Petri (1493-1552). O alcance da influencia da primeira Biblia dispoñíbel na lingua nativa non debe subestimarse; de feito, esta versión da lingua (con só algunhas modificacións ortográficas) foi a utilizada ata 1917, proporcionando así un modelo escrito durante un longo período de tempo.


Como resultado dos estreitos contactos culturais e políticos, os empréstamos franceses comezan a penetrar no sueco de forma masiva, sobre todo durante o reinado de Luís XIV (1643-1715), iniciando un fenómeno que culminaría a mediados do século XVIII. En 1786 fundouse a Academia Sueca baixo a dirección do rei Gustavo III.





August Strindberg considérase o fundador da literatura moderna sueca


Os grandes movementos de poboación do último século, sobre todo do campo para as cidades, así como a expansión xeral das comunicacións, teñen provocado un duplo efecto na lingua: en primeiro lugar, unha influencia cada vez maior da lingua escrita sobre a falada, sobre todo na pronuncia e no estilo; en segundo lugar, o desenvolvemento dunha lingua falada padrón, ao mesmo tempo que decae a importancia dos dialectos. Nos últimos 150 anos, a influencia do inglés ven sendo cada vez máis importante.



Datos |


A lingua sueca é a lingua nacional de Suecia (mais non oficial) cunha poboación de cerca de 8,5 millóns de habitantes, tamén é a primeira lingua de cerca de 300.000 persoas na Finlandia e a segunda de varias minorías lingüísticas, que alcanza 1 millón de persoas, a maior parte delas inmigrantes recentes, como tamén nativos finlandeses e lapóns (samer).



Dialectos |


Nas zonas rurais, especialmente no norte, incluíndo Dalsland, na illa de Gotland e na Finlandia, fálanse dialectos antigos.Tamén hai dialectos urbanos, mais ben próximos á lingua normativa. Hai variantes rexionais, especialmente na pronuncia, aínda que unha norma supra-rexional radicada na fala da rexión de Estocolmo ten un status social dominante e se leva espallado por outras rexións ao menos nun contexto formal. No sur, zona que pertenceu ata o século XVII á Dinamarca, úsase outra variante rexional; tamén hai outra variante na Finlandia que se usa en todos os niveis de comunicación.


A lingua patrón actual baséase nos dialectos da Suecia central, que desde a Idade Media ten sido a sede do goberno e da administración. A lingua das Biblias da Reforma tivo un importante papel na composición do patrón escrito no final da década de 1600; esta norma, xunto coa lingua falada na rexión central, contribuíu para o desenvolvemento dunha lingua falada nacional.


Con todo, moitas localidades conservan formas dialectais (aínda que teñan sufrido profundas modificacións). Os principais dialectos son:


  • Dialectos suecos meridionais (nas tres provincias situadas máis ao sur). Presentan un sistema tonal diferente do existente no sueco central e mostran unha considerábel influencia léxica do dinamarqués.

  • Os dialectos göta da Suecia central e meridional.

  • Os dialectos svea (Suecia central, en torno do lago Mälaren), que constitúen a base do sueco padrón falado.

  • Os dialectos norrland (Suecia setentrional, ao norte do río Dalälven).

  • O gotlandiense (na illa báltica de Gotland) que conta con partes bastante arcaicas.

  • Os dialectos do sueco oriental (Finlandia), que inclúen un gran número de empréstamos procedentes do finlandés e do ruso, alén de neoloxismos que non se atopan na Suecia.


Escrita |


Os textos máis antigos escritos en sueco (excepto os textos rúnicos) utilizan o alfabeto latino, aínda que modificado coa inclusión das letras Æ, O, Þ, D. O alfabeto utilizado na actualidade é un alfabeto latino modificado de 29 letras, coa adición ao final do mesmo de å, ä, ö. As letras q e w só aparecen en substantivos. A letra å introducida coa imprenta despois de 1400, desenvolveuse a partir da medieval aa, en canto que ä evolucionou, ao mesmo tempo de æ. A nova letra ö é correspondente ao O sueco medieval (que porén aínda se usa no dinamarqués e noruegués actuais).



Notas |




  1. ↑ Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para sueco.


  2. ↑ Crystal, David (1999). The Penguin dictionary of language (2ª ed.). Londres: Penguin Books. 



Véxase tamén |







Ligazóns externas |



  • Swedish 101 (Inglés)

  • [2]

  • [3]





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