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Tachyglossidae Índice Taxonomía Características Reproducción Referencias Enlaces externos Menú de navegación«6 interesantes datos que debes conocer sobre los equidnas, adorables y curiosos animales»Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). MuridaeEl secreto del sueñoShort-beaked echidna «Exhibitionist spiny anteater reveals bizarre penis»websiteTachyglossidaeAnimal Diversity WebMonotremas (Universidad de Tasmania)

TachyglossidaeFamilias de mamíferos


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Tachyglossidae




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Symbol question.svg

 

Equidnas

Rango temporal: Mioceno-Holoceno

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Ameisenigel.jpg
Equidna común (Tachyglossus aculeatus)

Taxonomía

Reino:

Animalia

Filo:

Chordata
Subfilo:
Vertebrata

Clase:

Mammalia
Subclase:
Prototheria
(sin rango):
Australosphenida

Orden:

Monotremata
Suborden:
Tachyglossa

Familia:

Tachyglossidae
Gill, 1872
Géneros y especies

Megalibgwilia (†)



Megalibgwilia ramsayi (†)


Megalibgwilia robusta (†)

Tachyglossus



Tachyglossus aculeatus

Zaglossus



Zaglossus attenboroughi


Zaglossus bartoni


Zaglossus bruijni


Zaglossus hacketti (†)


Zaglossus robusta (†)

Los taquiglósidos o equidnas (Tachyglossidae) son la única familia conocida del suborden Tachyglossa, donde se clasifican a los equidnas actuales y sus ancestros extintos. Estos mamíferos, similares en apariencia a los erizos, habitan en las islas de Nueva Guinea, Salawati, Australia, Tasmania y otras islas menores próximas a las costas de estas. Además de ser muy difíciles de encontrar, su rareza reside en que son los únicos mamíferos, junto con los ornitorrincos, que ponen huevos.[1]​


Los equidnas deben su nombre a la ninfa mitológica madre de todos los legendarios monstruos de la Grecia Clásica. Tienen el cuerpo cubierto de espinas, lo que unido a la dieta que llevan, mayoritariamente insectívora, y en algunos casos con predilección por las hormigas y termitas (mirmecofagia), les ha valido el nombre de «hormigueros espinosos».




Índice





  • 1 Taxonomía


  • 2 Características


  • 3 Reproducción


  • 4 Referencias

    • 4.1 Bibliografía



  • 5 Enlaces externos




Taxonomía


En la actualidad se reconocen dos géneros vivientes, con solo cuatro especies:[2]​


Género Tachyglossus - Equidnas de hocico corto o australianos.

Tachyglossus aculeatus - Equidna de hocico corto o común.

Género Zaglossus - Equidnas de hocico largo o de Nueva Guinea.

Zaglossus attenboroughi - Zagloso de Attenborough.


Zaglossus bartoni - Zagloso de Barton.


Zaglossus bruijni - Zagloso común o de Bruijn.



Características


Son animales de cuerpo compacto, cubierto de un denso pelaje del que sobresalen largas púas empleadas como método de defensa. Normalmente miden entre 35 y 45 centímetros de largo, con una cola de 10 centímetros, y un peso promedio de 2 a 7 kilogramos. Los machos son por regla general de mayor tamaño que las hembras.


El cráneo es largo y redondeado, la cara larga con la mandíbula inferior poco desarrollada, constituida por dos delgados y largos huesos. Su dieta, constituida por insectos y lombrices, determina un aparato bucal tubular de estrecha abertura, provisto de una larga lengua pegajosa que puede alcanzar 20 centímetros de longitud, con la que atrapan el alimento, que, al carecer de dientes, será triturado con unas espinas córneas situadas en el paladar al final de la boca. Para localizar los alimentos, además de un agudizado sentido del olfato, están dotados de electrorreceptores táctiles en el rostro con los que les resulta fácil hallar las colonias de hormigas y termitas.


Son poderosos excavadores que emplean pies y manos para construir galerías y oquedades o escarbar en la tierra en busca de alimento. Para ello sus extremidades poseen manos y pies cavadores dotados de poderosas uñas. El segundo dedo de las extremidades posteriores es más largo y lo emplean para rascarse y limpiarse el pelo y la piel.


Los machos y algunas hembras, poseen espolones tras la articulación de la rodilla, pero a diferencia de Ornithorhynchus sp., este animal no sintetiza ninguna sustancia tóxica, por lo que se desconoce la función real de los mismos.


Las hembras desarrollan un marsupio temporal mientras dura la incubación y la lactancia. El pene de los machos tiene cuatro cabezas, algo común entre reptiles pero raro en mamíferos. A pesar de ser mamífero, la cría del equidna nace a partir de huevos ya que es uno de los dos mamíferos ovíparos, junto al ornitorrinco (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), que existen en la Tierra.


A diferencia de lo que se cree, los equidnas no hibernan como respuesta al frío. El estado de torpor al que se ven sometidos algunos ejemplares aislados, parece estar relacionado más bien con un proceso digestivo anómalo.


Al contrario de lo previamente investigado, los equidnas sí entran en sueño REM,[3]​ aunque sólo cuando la temperatura del ambiente está alrededor de los 25 °C. A temperaturas de 15 °C y 28 °C, el sueño REM se suprime.[4]​



Reproducción


La hembra pone un solo huevo. La incubación tarda diez días; el equidna joven succiona la leche de los poros de las dos glándulas mamarias (los monotremas no tienen pezones) y permanecen en la bolsa durante cuarenta y cinco a cincuenta días,[5]​ en dicho tiempo comienzan a desarrollar las espinas. La madre cava una madriguera y deposita al pequeño, retornando cada cinco días para amamantarlo hasta el destete, que es a los siete meses.


Los equidnas machos tienen un pene tetracapitado, pero sólo dos de las cabezas se usan durante el apareamiento. Las otras dos cabezas "se cierran" y no crecen en tamaño. Las cabezas usadas se intercambian cada vez que el mamífero copula.[6]​



Referencias



  1. ↑ «6 interesantes datos que debes conocer sobre los equidnas, adorables y curiosos animales» vix.com. Consultado el 23 de noviembre de 2017.


  2. ↑ Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). Muridae


  3. ↑ Alexander Bórleby (1993). El secreto del sueño. Siglo XXI. ISBN 9682318564. Consultado el 17 de junio de 2009. 


  4. ↑ SC Nicol, NA Andersen, NH Phillips, RJ Berger (11 de febrero de 2000), «The echidna manifests typical characteristics of rapid eye movement sleep», Neuroscience letters 


  5. ↑ Short-beaked echidna Arkive.org


  6. ↑ Shultz, N. (26 de octubre de 2007). «Exhibitionist spiny anteater reveals bizarre penis». New Scientist website. Consultado el 27 de octubre de 2006. 



Bibliografía



  • Feldhamer, G.A. (2003). Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, and Ecology. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill. 

  • Flannery, T.F. and Groves, C.P. (1998) A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. Mammalia 62, 367-396.


  • Vaughan, T., Ryan, J. y Czaplewski, N. (1999). Mammalogy. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing. 


Enlaces externos



  • Wikimedia Commons alberga una galería multimedia sobre Tachyglossidae.


  • Wikispecies tiene un artículo sobre Tachyglossidae.


  • Tachyglossidae en Animal Diversity Web ING

  • Monotremas (Universidad de Tasmania)




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