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Loita de guerrillas Índice Orixe do termo | Resumo histórico | Notas | Véxase tamén | Menú de navegación“Las nuevas insurgencias. Análisis de un fenómeno estratégico emergente”, Anuario de Derecho Internacional, Vol. XXIV, (2008), pp. 271-298Javier JordánCentro de Estudios Universitarios del Sur - Ediciones Estrategia / sección "Historia y pensamiento de Organizaciones en Armas."Los Artefactos Explosivos Improvisados (IEDs)Uturuncos. La primer guerrilla argentinaGrupos guerrilleros en la Argentina - Siglo XXForo Guerrillero donde se reunen aquellos que sirvieron en los Boinas Verdes de EspañaSeguiré Luchando y CaminandoGESYP. Grupo de Estudios sobre Política y Seguridad Internacional300055316657711954119jID9489294022462-4guerrilla-warfaresh850576950056241912198

Temática militar


irregularesloita asimétricaDepartamento de DefensaEstados Unidosexércitooperacións de comandoEspañainvasiónNapoleón Bonaparteséculo XIXEstadoCanaánbíblicoAlexandre MagnopersasAníbalsalasiasAlpesPenínsula Ibéricainvasión romanaViriatoCorocotaIdade MediaPaio de AsturiasmusulmánsAsturiasvascónsCarlomagnoRoncesvallesJerónimo MerinoFrancisco Abad Moreno "Chaleco"Agustina de AragónJuana "La Galana"Juan Martín DíezSáhara OccidentalMarrocosMauritaniaEspañaEUAFranciainvasiónséculo XIIRobin HoodXoán sen TerraGaribaldiCarmine CroccoEstados UnidospatriotasrealistasLoita de Independencia HispanoamericanaNueva EspañaVenezuelaColombiaAlto Perúnoroeste arxentinocentrosur chilenoBenito JuárezSegunda Intervención Francesa en MéxicoLoita dos bóersSuráfricaIRAUlsterPartido Liberal MexicanoFrancisco VillaEmiliano ZapataMéxicorevoluciónEstados UnidosnicaraguanoAugusto César SandinoLawrence de ArabiaRifanos 20século XXMohammed Abdelkrim al-JattabifrancotiradoresHo Chi MinhVo Nguyen GiapVietnam












Loita de guerrillas




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Un guerrilleiro emboscado agarda á Garda Civil (graffitti de Sallent (Barcelona)


A loita de guerrillas é unha táctica militar de conflitos armados consistente en hostigar ao inimigo no seu propio terreo con destacamentos irregulares e mediante ataques rápidos e por sorpresa, estoupidos de instalacións, pontes e camiños ou secuestros de armas e provisións. Utilízase con frecuencia en situacións de loita asimétrica. Grazas a súa mobilidade, a súa fácil dispersión en pequenos grupos e a súa habilidade para desaparecer entre a poboación civil, resultan moi difíciles de neutralizar.
Algunhas clasificacións de conflitos, como a utilizada polo Departamento de Defensa de Estados Unidos, dividen as guerras segundo varios criterios, entre eles, o do tipo do inimigo a combater. Seguindo este criterio, os conflitos armados poden agruparse en Conflitos de Alta Intensidade ou loitas convencionais (aquelas onde o inimigo é outro exército, mellor ou peor armado que o propio, pero exército con cuarteis, centros de mando e territorio que defender), Conflitos de Media Intensidade ou loita de guerrillas (os realizados polos grupos paramilitares sostidos, pobremente armados, pero que controlan certas rexións de difícil acceso e co apoio tácito da poboación directa ou polos poderes electos a través dos seus exércitos) e, por último, os Conflitos de Baixa Intensidade e tamén podería establecerse certo grao de paralelismo cos movementos terroristas (realizada por pequenos grupos que non controlan o territorio e ás veces son apoiados por unha parte da poboación -matanzas indiscriminadas contra a poboación civil- ou polo contrario por unha ampla maioría contra os poderes establecidos, forzas da orde pública etc. ou combinado.


Nos exércitos modernos, estes ataques son chamados "operacións de comandos" se os realizan tropas regulares. O comando é un soldado ou un grupo de soldados adestrados e armados nun exército regular que realiza operacións de comando audaces accións no campo inimigo. Os guerrilleiros tamén poden actuar en relación co exército regular; pero son, normalmente milicias integradas polos civís.




Índice





  • 1 Orixe do termo


  • 2 Resumo histórico


  • 3 Notas


  • 4 Véxase tamén

    • 4.1 Outros artigos


    • 4.2 Ligazóns externas





Orixe do termo |


O término guerrilla e o término guerrilleiro comezaron a usarse en España durante a invasión de Napoleón Bonaparte, no século XIX. O sufixo -illa, acepta a desigualdade da loita entre civís e un exército regular organizado por un Estado. Pero sen ese nome, esta forma de loita deuse ó longo de toda a historia. Os xudeus conquistaron Canaán, segundo o relato bíblico, mediante ataques por sorpresa; Alexandre Magno debeu enfrontarse ás guerrillas de tribos montañesas durante a súa primeira incursión contra os persas; e Aníbal perdeu varios guerreiros por mor das tribos salasias cando cruzaba os Alpes. Na propia Península Ibérica atópanse exemplos de guerrillas xa durante a invasión romana (Viriato, Corocota) e os primeiros séculos da Idade Media (Paio de Asturias e os seus seareiros contra os musulmáns en Asturias ou os vascóns contra Carlomagno en Roncesvalles). Tamén se usou historiograficamente para tratar aos patriotas na Revolución Americana, que apoiados por Francia e España lograron a Independencia e deixaron de ser colonos para pasar a converterse en cidadáns, sendo a primeira gran vitoria na historia moderna dunha loita de guerrillas.


Pero o término alcanzou a súa consagración durante as campañas napoleónicas en España, destacando Jerónimo Merino, Francisco Abad Moreno "Chaleco", Agustina de Aragón, Juana "La Galana" e Juan Martín Díez; realzado, se se quere, polo propio Napoleón que chegou a considerar a resistencia española como a causa principal da súa derrota; por riba incluso, segundo a súa opinión, das catástrofes en Rusia que, segundo os historiadores, foron moito máis sanguinarias que as españolas.[1]


No Sáhara Occidental (aínda de iure baixo administración española, de facto marroquí 2/3 partes) produciuse por parte da Fronte de Liberación do Sahara Occidental combinada cun Exército e tácticas convencionais a que foi a primeira Loita de Guerrillas a grande escala no deserto, principalmente contra Marrocos, e en menor medida contra Mauritania, España e EUA e Francia que apoian ou apoiaron de algún modo á primeira.



Resumo histórico |


En xeral, a loita de guerrillas é de resistencia a un invasor e está aureolada por motivos patrióticos, revolucionarios ou relixiosos. Os galeses opuxéronse á invasión dos normandos mediante guerrillas de arqueiros certeiros no século XII. A lenda de Robin Hood baséase probablemente na resistencia dos campesiños armados ao reinado de Xoán sen Terra. Durante todo o século XIX, os movementos nacionalistas, como o de Garibaldi, a resistencia post-unitaria de bandidos como Carmine Crocco en Italia ou a loita da independencia dos gregos durante a dominación turca, baseáronse en loitas de grupos civís armados. A loita independentista en Estados Unidos foi acompañada por guerrillas que sorprendían ás tropas inglesas en emboscadas. Tanto os exércitos patriotas como realistas recorreron á táctica de loita de guerrillas durante a Loita de Independencia Hispanoamericana. Os principais focos das guerrillas independentistas foron Nueva España, Venezuela, Colombia, Alto Perú, noroeste arxentino e o centrosur chileno, a mediados do século XIX, a loita de guerrillas tamén foi usada polas tropas mexicanas republicanas ao mando do presidente Benito Juárez durante a Segunda Intervención Francesa en México (1861-1867),que loitaron contra os invasores franceses apoiados polo grupo conservador, os que lograron derrotar e expulsar do territorio mexicano. Durante a Loita dos bóers, na actual Suráfrica, os colonos holandeses utilizaron esa táctica. Tamén os irlandeses crearon un exército de irregulares para oporse aos británicos: o IRA, siglas en inglés de Exército Republicano Irlandés. Lograda a independencia, a guerrilla seguiu realizando ataques terroristas na zona que quedou baixo control británico, o Ulster. Nas primeiras décadas do século XX, o Partido Liberal Mexicano, Francisco Villa e Emiliano Zapata formaron exércitos de campesiños en México e iniciaron unha revolución con métodos de guerrilla, finalmente frustrada. Pola mesma época, os Estados Unidos sufriron o que probablemente é a súa primeira gran derrota militar cando se enfrontaron á loita de guerrillas liderada polo patriota nicaraguano Augusto César Sandino contra a ocupación militar. Aínda que o primeiro país onde se concibiu a loita de guerrillas como táctica militar foi España, onde xa se usaba no ano 400 antes de Cristo.


O británico Lawrence de Arabia utilizou a loita de guerrillas, cos árabes e contra os turcos, con devastadores efectos.


No Rif, nos anos 20 do século XX, Mohammed Abdelkrim al-Jattabi puxo en marcha unha loita de guerrillas contra as tropas coloniais españolas e francesas, a nomeada harka, baseada en gran medida no desgaste producido por francotiradores invisibles aos ollos do enimigo (chamados pacos polos soldados españois). Os fundamentos teóricos desta guerrilla serían estudados anos máis tarde por Ho Chi Minh e Vo Nguyen Giap en Vietnam.



Notas |




  1. ↑ Manuel Moreno Alonso, O Imperio, un sono imposible, nº 74 de La aventura de la Historia, Arlanza Ediciones, Madrid, diciembre de 2004



Véxase tamén |



Outros artigos |


  • Foquismo

  • Guerrilla urbana


Ligazóns externas |





  • “Las nuevas insurgencias. Análisis de un fenómeno estratégico emergente”, Anuario de Derecho Internacional, Vol. XXIV, (2008), pp. 271-298 por Javier Jordán

  • Centro de Estudios Universitarios del Sur - Ediciones Estrategia / sección "Historia y pensamiento de Organizaciones en Armas."


  • Los Artefactos Explosivos Improvisados (IEDs)[Ligazón morta] por Fernando M. Mañas y Javier Jordán

  • Uturuncos. La primer guerrilla argentina

  • Grupos guerrilleros en la Argentina - Siglo XX


  • Foro Guerrillero donde se reunen aquellos que sirvieron en los Boinas Verdes de España en Seguiré Luchando y Caminando

  • GESYP. Grupo de Estudios sobre Política y Seguridad Internacional




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