How to run automated tests after each commit? Planned maintenance scheduled April 23, 2019 at 00:00UTC (8:00pm US/Eastern) Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara Unicorn Meta Zoo #1: Why another podcast?Should programmers run automated tests written by QA?Transition from all manual testing to automated testingTo mock or not to mock with 'Automated Acceptance Tests'How to set up automated build/test for embedded projectcross-OS automated testingShould Automated Test rely on each other or be kept seperate?How to Run tests in parallel with Spinach BDD framework?How should I set up a test environment before automated tests are run?How to set up selenium tests so that if one fails, the others still run?Best practice when writing an automated test suite - all tests in one file?

Is there hard evidence that the grant peer review system performs significantly better than random?

"Lost his faith in humanity in the trenches of Verdun" — last line of an SF story

Why does it sometimes sound good to play a grace note as a lead in to a note in a melody?

If Windows 7 doesn't support WSL, then what does Linux subsystem option mean?

Would it be possible to dictate a bech32 address as a list of English words?

Crossing US/Canada Border for less than 24 hours

How do living politicians protect their readily obtainable signatures from misuse?

QGIS virtual layer functionality does not seem to support memory layers

When a candle burns, why does the top of wick glow if bottom of flame is hottest?

How does the math work when buying airline miles?

How to improve on this Stylesheet Manipulation for Message Styling

Why are vacuum tubes still used in amateur radios?

Is there a kind of relay that only consumes power when switching?

Generate an RGB colour grid

Find 108 by using 3,4,6

Most bit efficient text communication method?

What is the difference between globalisation and imperialism?

Should there be a hyphen in the construction "IT affin"?

Central Vacuuming: Is it worth it, and how does it compare to normal vacuuming?

MLE of the unknown radius

How does the secondary effect of the Heat Metal spell interact with a creature resistant/immune to fire damage?

What does it mean that physics no longer uses mechanical models to describe phenomena?

Can anything be seen from the center of the Boötes void? How dark would it be?

AppleTVs create a chatty alternate WiFi network



How to run automated tests after each commit?



Planned maintenance scheduled April 23, 2019 at 00:00UTC (8:00pm US/Eastern)
Announcing the arrival of Valued Associate #679: Cesar Manara
Unicorn Meta Zoo #1: Why another podcast?Should programmers run automated tests written by QA?Transition from all manual testing to automated testingTo mock or not to mock with 'Automated Acceptance Tests'How to set up automated build/test for embedded projectcross-OS automated testingShould Automated Test rely on each other or be kept seperate?How to Run tests in parallel with Spinach BDD framework?How should I set up a test environment before automated tests are run?How to set up selenium tests so that if one fails, the others still run?Best practice when writing an automated test suite - all tests in one file?










6















In my last job as a software tester, we had a system, built by CEO long before I even joined the company, to run all the automated tests after each commit. So hundreds of tests been run all the time for several different software versions. A developer would do fixes, updates to the system, I could access the virtual machine through IP, to look at tests, find bugs, but I never went deep into figuring out the creation of such a thing.



But now a few years after I left that company I am considering getting into testing again in a place that has zero automated testing and I believe they would expect me to create proper automation (mostly for websites, not software). This testing after each commit is the thing I have no idea where to begin from. Are there tools that can help with that? Does it need to be programmed from scratch? I truly have no idea how that starts and even works what I saw in my first company.



Is there any source that would explain in depth the whole process of how to automatically run all tests after each commit or at least schedule the tests to be run at certain times day or night?



Or maybe I am overthinking and this is not at all necessary to do?










share|improve this question









New contributor




Ironic is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.




















  • Have you done any research at all? There are many such systems, from those you host yourself (Jenkins, Concourse) to those provided as a service (Travis, Circle). Most support triggering by commit or scheduler.

    – jonrsharpe
    5 hours ago






  • 1





    If you are using .Net, Azure DevOps is worth reading up on.

    – FDM
    5 hours ago















6















In my last job as a software tester, we had a system, built by CEO long before I even joined the company, to run all the automated tests after each commit. So hundreds of tests been run all the time for several different software versions. A developer would do fixes, updates to the system, I could access the virtual machine through IP, to look at tests, find bugs, but I never went deep into figuring out the creation of such a thing.



But now a few years after I left that company I am considering getting into testing again in a place that has zero automated testing and I believe they would expect me to create proper automation (mostly for websites, not software). This testing after each commit is the thing I have no idea where to begin from. Are there tools that can help with that? Does it need to be programmed from scratch? I truly have no idea how that starts and even works what I saw in my first company.



Is there any source that would explain in depth the whole process of how to automatically run all tests after each commit or at least schedule the tests to be run at certain times day or night?



Or maybe I am overthinking and this is not at all necessary to do?










share|improve this question









New contributor




Ironic is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.




















  • Have you done any research at all? There are many such systems, from those you host yourself (Jenkins, Concourse) to those provided as a service (Travis, Circle). Most support triggering by commit or scheduler.

    – jonrsharpe
    5 hours ago






  • 1





    If you are using .Net, Azure DevOps is worth reading up on.

    – FDM
    5 hours ago













6












6








6


3






In my last job as a software tester, we had a system, built by CEO long before I even joined the company, to run all the automated tests after each commit. So hundreds of tests been run all the time for several different software versions. A developer would do fixes, updates to the system, I could access the virtual machine through IP, to look at tests, find bugs, but I never went deep into figuring out the creation of such a thing.



But now a few years after I left that company I am considering getting into testing again in a place that has zero automated testing and I believe they would expect me to create proper automation (mostly for websites, not software). This testing after each commit is the thing I have no idea where to begin from. Are there tools that can help with that? Does it need to be programmed from scratch? I truly have no idea how that starts and even works what I saw in my first company.



Is there any source that would explain in depth the whole process of how to automatically run all tests after each commit or at least schedule the tests to be run at certain times day or night?



Or maybe I am overthinking and this is not at all necessary to do?










share|improve this question









New contributor




Ironic is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.












In my last job as a software tester, we had a system, built by CEO long before I even joined the company, to run all the automated tests after each commit. So hundreds of tests been run all the time for several different software versions. A developer would do fixes, updates to the system, I could access the virtual machine through IP, to look at tests, find bugs, but I never went deep into figuring out the creation of such a thing.



But now a few years after I left that company I am considering getting into testing again in a place that has zero automated testing and I believe they would expect me to create proper automation (mostly for websites, not software). This testing after each commit is the thing I have no idea where to begin from. Are there tools that can help with that? Does it need to be programmed from scratch? I truly have no idea how that starts and even works what I saw in my first company.



Is there any source that would explain in depth the whole process of how to automatically run all tests after each commit or at least schedule the tests to be run at certain times day or night?



Or maybe I am overthinking and this is not at all necessary to do?







automated-testing






share|improve this question









New contributor




Ironic is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











share|improve this question









New contributor




Ironic is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited 2 hours ago









Michael Durrant

14.8k22165




14.8k22165






New contributor




Ironic is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









asked 6 hours ago









IronicIronic

311




311




New contributor




Ironic is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.





New contributor





Ironic is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






Ironic is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.












  • Have you done any research at all? There are many such systems, from those you host yourself (Jenkins, Concourse) to those provided as a service (Travis, Circle). Most support triggering by commit or scheduler.

    – jonrsharpe
    5 hours ago






  • 1





    If you are using .Net, Azure DevOps is worth reading up on.

    – FDM
    5 hours ago

















  • Have you done any research at all? There are many such systems, from those you host yourself (Jenkins, Concourse) to those provided as a service (Travis, Circle). Most support triggering by commit or scheduler.

    – jonrsharpe
    5 hours ago






  • 1





    If you are using .Net, Azure DevOps is worth reading up on.

    – FDM
    5 hours ago
















Have you done any research at all? There are many such systems, from those you host yourself (Jenkins, Concourse) to those provided as a service (Travis, Circle). Most support triggering by commit or scheduler.

– jonrsharpe
5 hours ago





Have you done any research at all? There are many such systems, from those you host yourself (Jenkins, Concourse) to those provided as a service (Travis, Circle). Most support triggering by commit or scheduler.

– jonrsharpe
5 hours ago




1




1





If you are using .Net, Azure DevOps is worth reading up on.

– FDM
5 hours ago





If you are using .Net, Azure DevOps is worth reading up on.

– FDM
5 hours ago










3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes


















4














The running of test suites in the cloud, triggered by a commit is now a common practice in many organizations.



Every time you push a commit (usually in a branch, but that does include master) the tests are triggered to run. This continual running of the test suite



The wonderful thing about is is that it can be set up in FIVE MINUTES or less.



Basically modern tools have this capability in. You simply get an API key or a URL from one system and add it to the other system in a place that has been prepared for you.



For example: I've done this in multiple companies and personal projects with circlerCI. Every time I push my commit to github I have a hook that also triggers the test to be run in the cloud.



For circleCI you create a .circleci/config file that has the steps top build the server you need



In github you add the webhook as shown here



enter image description here






share|improve this answer
































    3














    No, you are not over thinking this. Automating the testing and deployment of applications is key in modern software development. It is grouped in the DevOps category. Test automation is a very important part of this.



    A typical test run scheduled on changes/commits is called a Continuous Integration or Build Server pipeline.
    Most build systems are also regular schedulers, they can also be used to run tests on a certain interval.



    The flow of a build server pipeline:



    • Monitors changes in a version control system

    • Pulls the changes to a build agent

    • Builds the source code

    • Run the unit-tests

    • Deploys the application to a staging environment

    • Runs the integration tests

    • Runs the end-to-end tests

    • Do a static code analysis (security, test code-coverage)

    • (optionally) Deploys to a production environment. (Called Continuous Delivery/Deployment)

    There are a lot of different build automation software products. Some are heavyweight, some are lightweight and do everything locally. See this list for a general idea.



    If you are not the sysadmin type I would suggest to use a cloud-based tool, but if you like to play with servers I would certainly try to set up your own pipeline from scratch.



    Although I have a preference in certain tools I suggest you do your own research, this article might be a good start: https://stackify.com/top-continuous-integration-tools/



    Other reads:



    • https://jenkins.io/pipeline/getting-started-pipelines/

    • https://dzone.com/articles/learn-how-to-setup-a-cicd-pipeline-from-scratch





    share|improve this answer
































      0














      Continuous Integration



      I would suggest to start reading & researching on it as starting point at your own as it is broad topic. When you will research and will have more concrete questions , then post them.






      share|improve this answer




















      • 2





        this a comment?

        – Niels van Reijmersdal
        2 hours ago











      Your Answer








      StackExchange.ready(function()
      var channelOptions =
      tags: "".split(" "),
      id: "244"
      ;
      initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

      StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
      // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
      if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
      StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
      createEditor();
      );

      else
      createEditor();

      );

      function createEditor()
      StackExchange.prepareEditor(
      heartbeatType: 'answer',
      autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
      convertImagesToLinks: false,
      noModals: true,
      showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
      reputationToPostImages: null,
      bindNavPrevention: true,
      postfix: "",
      imageUploader:
      brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
      contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
      allowUrls: true
      ,
      onDemand: true,
      discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
      ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
      );



      );






      Ironic is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









      draft saved

      draft discarded


















      StackExchange.ready(
      function ()
      StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fsqa.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f38820%2fhow-to-run-automated-tests-after-each-commit%23new-answer', 'question_page');

      );

      Post as a guest















      Required, but never shown

























      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes








      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes









      4














      The running of test suites in the cloud, triggered by a commit is now a common practice in many organizations.



      Every time you push a commit (usually in a branch, but that does include master) the tests are triggered to run. This continual running of the test suite



      The wonderful thing about is is that it can be set up in FIVE MINUTES or less.



      Basically modern tools have this capability in. You simply get an API key or a URL from one system and add it to the other system in a place that has been prepared for you.



      For example: I've done this in multiple companies and personal projects with circlerCI. Every time I push my commit to github I have a hook that also triggers the test to be run in the cloud.



      For circleCI you create a .circleci/config file that has the steps top build the server you need



      In github you add the webhook as shown here



      enter image description here






      share|improve this answer





























        4














        The running of test suites in the cloud, triggered by a commit is now a common practice in many organizations.



        Every time you push a commit (usually in a branch, but that does include master) the tests are triggered to run. This continual running of the test suite



        The wonderful thing about is is that it can be set up in FIVE MINUTES or less.



        Basically modern tools have this capability in. You simply get an API key or a URL from one system and add it to the other system in a place that has been prepared for you.



        For example: I've done this in multiple companies and personal projects with circlerCI. Every time I push my commit to github I have a hook that also triggers the test to be run in the cloud.



        For circleCI you create a .circleci/config file that has the steps top build the server you need



        In github you add the webhook as shown here



        enter image description here






        share|improve this answer



























          4












          4








          4







          The running of test suites in the cloud, triggered by a commit is now a common practice in many organizations.



          Every time you push a commit (usually in a branch, but that does include master) the tests are triggered to run. This continual running of the test suite



          The wonderful thing about is is that it can be set up in FIVE MINUTES or less.



          Basically modern tools have this capability in. You simply get an API key or a URL from one system and add it to the other system in a place that has been prepared for you.



          For example: I've done this in multiple companies and personal projects with circlerCI. Every time I push my commit to github I have a hook that also triggers the test to be run in the cloud.



          For circleCI you create a .circleci/config file that has the steps top build the server you need



          In github you add the webhook as shown here



          enter image description here






          share|improve this answer















          The running of test suites in the cloud, triggered by a commit is now a common practice in many organizations.



          Every time you push a commit (usually in a branch, but that does include master) the tests are triggered to run. This continual running of the test suite



          The wonderful thing about is is that it can be set up in FIVE MINUTES or less.



          Basically modern tools have this capability in. You simply get an API key or a URL from one system and add it to the other system in a place that has been prepared for you.



          For example: I've done this in multiple companies and personal projects with circlerCI. Every time I push my commit to github I have a hook that also triggers the test to be run in the cloud.



          For circleCI you create a .circleci/config file that has the steps top build the server you need



          In github you add the webhook as shown here



          enter image description here







          share|improve this answer














          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer








          edited 2 hours ago

























          answered 2 hours ago









          Michael DurrantMichael Durrant

          14.8k22165




          14.8k22165





















              3














              No, you are not over thinking this. Automating the testing and deployment of applications is key in modern software development. It is grouped in the DevOps category. Test automation is a very important part of this.



              A typical test run scheduled on changes/commits is called a Continuous Integration or Build Server pipeline.
              Most build systems are also regular schedulers, they can also be used to run tests on a certain interval.



              The flow of a build server pipeline:



              • Monitors changes in a version control system

              • Pulls the changes to a build agent

              • Builds the source code

              • Run the unit-tests

              • Deploys the application to a staging environment

              • Runs the integration tests

              • Runs the end-to-end tests

              • Do a static code analysis (security, test code-coverage)

              • (optionally) Deploys to a production environment. (Called Continuous Delivery/Deployment)

              There are a lot of different build automation software products. Some are heavyweight, some are lightweight and do everything locally. See this list for a general idea.



              If you are not the sysadmin type I would suggest to use a cloud-based tool, but if you like to play with servers I would certainly try to set up your own pipeline from scratch.



              Although I have a preference in certain tools I suggest you do your own research, this article might be a good start: https://stackify.com/top-continuous-integration-tools/



              Other reads:



              • https://jenkins.io/pipeline/getting-started-pipelines/

              • https://dzone.com/articles/learn-how-to-setup-a-cicd-pipeline-from-scratch





              share|improve this answer





























                3














                No, you are not over thinking this. Automating the testing and deployment of applications is key in modern software development. It is grouped in the DevOps category. Test automation is a very important part of this.



                A typical test run scheduled on changes/commits is called a Continuous Integration or Build Server pipeline.
                Most build systems are also regular schedulers, they can also be used to run tests on a certain interval.



                The flow of a build server pipeline:



                • Monitors changes in a version control system

                • Pulls the changes to a build agent

                • Builds the source code

                • Run the unit-tests

                • Deploys the application to a staging environment

                • Runs the integration tests

                • Runs the end-to-end tests

                • Do a static code analysis (security, test code-coverage)

                • (optionally) Deploys to a production environment. (Called Continuous Delivery/Deployment)

                There are a lot of different build automation software products. Some are heavyweight, some are lightweight and do everything locally. See this list for a general idea.



                If you are not the sysadmin type I would suggest to use a cloud-based tool, but if you like to play with servers I would certainly try to set up your own pipeline from scratch.



                Although I have a preference in certain tools I suggest you do your own research, this article might be a good start: https://stackify.com/top-continuous-integration-tools/



                Other reads:



                • https://jenkins.io/pipeline/getting-started-pipelines/

                • https://dzone.com/articles/learn-how-to-setup-a-cicd-pipeline-from-scratch





                share|improve this answer



























                  3












                  3








                  3







                  No, you are not over thinking this. Automating the testing and deployment of applications is key in modern software development. It is grouped in the DevOps category. Test automation is a very important part of this.



                  A typical test run scheduled on changes/commits is called a Continuous Integration or Build Server pipeline.
                  Most build systems are also regular schedulers, they can also be used to run tests on a certain interval.



                  The flow of a build server pipeline:



                  • Monitors changes in a version control system

                  • Pulls the changes to a build agent

                  • Builds the source code

                  • Run the unit-tests

                  • Deploys the application to a staging environment

                  • Runs the integration tests

                  • Runs the end-to-end tests

                  • Do a static code analysis (security, test code-coverage)

                  • (optionally) Deploys to a production environment. (Called Continuous Delivery/Deployment)

                  There are a lot of different build automation software products. Some are heavyweight, some are lightweight and do everything locally. See this list for a general idea.



                  If you are not the sysadmin type I would suggest to use a cloud-based tool, but if you like to play with servers I would certainly try to set up your own pipeline from scratch.



                  Although I have a preference in certain tools I suggest you do your own research, this article might be a good start: https://stackify.com/top-continuous-integration-tools/



                  Other reads:



                  • https://jenkins.io/pipeline/getting-started-pipelines/

                  • https://dzone.com/articles/learn-how-to-setup-a-cicd-pipeline-from-scratch





                  share|improve this answer















                  No, you are not over thinking this. Automating the testing and deployment of applications is key in modern software development. It is grouped in the DevOps category. Test automation is a very important part of this.



                  A typical test run scheduled on changes/commits is called a Continuous Integration or Build Server pipeline.
                  Most build systems are also regular schedulers, they can also be used to run tests on a certain interval.



                  The flow of a build server pipeline:



                  • Monitors changes in a version control system

                  • Pulls the changes to a build agent

                  • Builds the source code

                  • Run the unit-tests

                  • Deploys the application to a staging environment

                  • Runs the integration tests

                  • Runs the end-to-end tests

                  • Do a static code analysis (security, test code-coverage)

                  • (optionally) Deploys to a production environment. (Called Continuous Delivery/Deployment)

                  There are a lot of different build automation software products. Some are heavyweight, some are lightweight and do everything locally. See this list for a general idea.



                  If you are not the sysadmin type I would suggest to use a cloud-based tool, but if you like to play with servers I would certainly try to set up your own pipeline from scratch.



                  Although I have a preference in certain tools I suggest you do your own research, this article might be a good start: https://stackify.com/top-continuous-integration-tools/



                  Other reads:



                  • https://jenkins.io/pipeline/getting-started-pipelines/

                  • https://dzone.com/articles/learn-how-to-setup-a-cicd-pipeline-from-scratch






                  share|improve this answer














                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer








                  edited 56 mins ago

























                  answered 4 hours ago









                  Niels van ReijmersdalNiels van Reijmersdal

                  21.5k23172




                  21.5k23172





















                      0














                      Continuous Integration



                      I would suggest to start reading & researching on it as starting point at your own as it is broad topic. When you will research and will have more concrete questions , then post them.






                      share|improve this answer




















                      • 2





                        this a comment?

                        – Niels van Reijmersdal
                        2 hours ago















                      0














                      Continuous Integration



                      I would suggest to start reading & researching on it as starting point at your own as it is broad topic. When you will research and will have more concrete questions , then post them.






                      share|improve this answer




















                      • 2





                        this a comment?

                        – Niels van Reijmersdal
                        2 hours ago













                      0












                      0








                      0







                      Continuous Integration



                      I would suggest to start reading & researching on it as starting point at your own as it is broad topic. When you will research and will have more concrete questions , then post them.






                      share|improve this answer















                      Continuous Integration



                      I would suggest to start reading & researching on it as starting point at your own as it is broad topic. When you will research and will have more concrete questions , then post them.







                      share|improve this answer














                      share|improve this answer



                      share|improve this answer








                      edited 2 hours ago

























                      answered 3 hours ago









                      Vishal AggarwalVishal Aggarwal

                      3,2772927




                      3,2772927







                      • 2





                        this a comment?

                        – Niels van Reijmersdal
                        2 hours ago












                      • 2





                        this a comment?

                        – Niels van Reijmersdal
                        2 hours ago







                      2




                      2





                      this a comment?

                      – Niels van Reijmersdal
                      2 hours ago





                      this a comment?

                      – Niels van Reijmersdal
                      2 hours ago










                      Ironic is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









                      draft saved

                      draft discarded


















                      Ironic is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.












                      Ironic is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.











                      Ironic is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.














                      Thanks for contributing an answer to Software Quality Assurance & Testing Stack Exchange!


                      • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

                      But avoid …


                      • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

                      • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

                      To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




                      draft saved


                      draft discarded














                      StackExchange.ready(
                      function ()
                      StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fsqa.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f38820%2fhow-to-run-automated-tests-after-each-commit%23new-answer', 'question_page');

                      );

                      Post as a guest















                      Required, but never shown





















































                      Required, but never shown














                      Required, but never shown












                      Required, but never shown







                      Required, but never shown

































                      Required, but never shown














                      Required, but never shown












                      Required, but never shown







                      Required, but never shown







                      Popular posts from this blog

                      Is it wise to focus on putting odd beats on left when playing double bass drums?What does the tie across other different notes mean?How to improve right hand picking/strumming technique for electric and acoustic guitar?How fast is the BPM should you start to use double bass pedal?Alternative or more advanced methods for counting rhythmsLost direction in practicing drumsIs there any way at all to tell if these measures are 6/4 vs. 3/2?Why is alberti bass so tiring?How does 'meter' differ from 'rhythm' in music?Rhythm question about piano sheet notationWhy is Bach's Cello Suite 1 written in 16th notes

                      map list to bin numbersquantilization (if that is a word)Map efficiently over duplicates in listGenerating a list of cubefree numbersIs there an equivalent to MATLAB's linspace?Convert a list of hexadecimal numbers to decimalTaking one list Mod a second listlist of items and group of alternative itemsHow find numbers in this list of inequalities?Selecting list entries with a True False index list of similar lengthReplace element in array by checking condition in another listAttempting to fill a table with the number of elements in each bin and make a table with the elements in the bins?

                      History of India Contents Prehistoric era (until c. 3300 BCE) Bronze Age – "First urbanisation" (c. 3300 – c. 1800 BCE) Climate change, de-urbanisation, and Indo-Aryan migrations (c.1800 – 1500 BCE) Iron Age - Vedic period (c. 1500 – c. 600 BCE) "Second urbanisation" (c. 600 – c. 200 BCE) Classical to early medieval periods (c. 200 BCE – c. 1200 CE) Late medieval period (c. 1200 – 1526 CE) Early modern period (c. 1526–1858 CE) Modern period and independence (after c. 1850 CE) Historiography See also References Further reading External links Navigation menureviewedee[update]The crisisThe Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and GeneticsThe Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society"Indus River Valley Civilizations"The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society"India before the British: The Mughal Empire and its Rivals, 1526–1857"Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical StatisticsDeveloping cultures: case studiesEthnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia"Indian Economy During British Rule""Economic Impact of the British Rule in India | Indian History"The Bone Readers: Science and Politics in Human Origins Research"Out of Africa: new hypotheses and evidence for the dispersal of Homo sapiens along the Indian Ocean rim"10.3109/0301446100363924920334598"Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia"2013PNAS..11010699M10.1073/pnas.1306043110369678523754394"Edakkal Caves|Places Around in Wayanad"Protecting megaliths to keep history alive The Hindu daily"Archaeologists rock solid behind Edakkal Cave"The Global Prehistory of Human Migration"Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought"the original"Stepwells -Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj"A History of Ancient and Early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century"Stone celts in Harappa"the original"Peoples and languages in pre-islamic Indus valley"the original"The Sindhi language"the originalThe Aryan chromosome"Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization"2012PNAS..109E1688G10.1073/pnas.1112743109338705422645375"Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical Constraints""An Ancient Civilization, Upended by Climate Change""Huge Ancient Civilization's Collapse Explained"2003GeoRL..30.1425S10.1029/2002GL0168222006QSRv...25.1283M10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.0122011QuInt.229..140M10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough JourneyA History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th CenturyA History of Ancient and Mediaeval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th CenturyAntennae SwordA History of IndiaA History of IndiaAn Introduction to Hinduism"India: The Late 2nd Millennium and the Reemergence of Urbanism"The Coinage of Ancient IndiaA Sanskrit reader: with vocabulary and notesPedigree: the origins of words from nature"Early Sanskritization. Origins and Development of the Kuru State"10.11588/ejvs.1995.4.823The Sanskrit epics, Part 2The City in South AsiaThe UpanishadsAn Introduction to HinduismReligions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and PracticesA History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th CenturyEarly India: From the Origins to AD 1300Republics in ancient Indiapp. 83ff"Magadha Empire""Lumbini Development Trust: Restoring the Lumbini Garden"the originalThe great armies of antiquityarchived"The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 B.C.)""East–West Orientation of Historical Empires"1076-156X"Dinner on the Grand Trunk Road"10.2307/32502263250226"Silappathikaram Tamil Literature"the originalManimekalai – English transliteration of Tamil originalIndian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th CenturiesBuddhist ArchitectureA History of India"The World Economy (GDP) : Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison"The World Economy – Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2: Historical Statistics10.2307/32502140004-36483250214A Comprehensive History of India: Volume 2Between the Empires: Society in India, 300 to 400Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence"Parthian Pair of Earrings"the originalThe Medical Times and Gazette, Volume 1Greatest emporium in the worldThe Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BCBuddhist Records of the Western WorldArchaeology in Soviet Central AsiaThe Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus ValleysIndian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700"The History of Pakistan: The Kushans"Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encartathe original"India – Historical Setting – The Classical Age – Gupta and Harsha""Gupta Dynasty, Golden Age Of India"the original"The Age of the Guptas and After"the originalNumber Theory and Its History"Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty)""Gupta dynasty: empire in 4th century"the original"The Story of India – Photo Gallery"The ASI say499315420"Pallava script"p. 145"CNG: eAuction 329. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Ganges Valley). Vardhanas of Thanesar and Kanauj. Harshavardhana. Circa AD 606–647. AR Drachm (13mm, 2.28 g, 1h)""Harsha""Sthanvishvara (historical region, India)""Harsha (Indian emperor)"Shyama Kumar Chattopadhyaya (2000) The Philosophy of Sankar's Advaita VedantaShankara's IntroductionShankara's Introduction19373677Shankara's IntroductionIs The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?The Seven Spiritual Laws Of YogaIndia: The Ancient Past. A History of the Indian-Subcontinent from 7000 BC to AD 1200The Kashmir Series: Glimpses of Kashmiri Culture – Vivekananda Kendra, Kanyakumari (p. 57).Al-Hind: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th CenturiesHistory of GopāchalaLand of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to MujibEuropean Trade and Colonial ConquestA History of IndiaA Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set)"The Last Years of Cholas: The decline and fall of a dynasty"the originalFascinating Hindutva: Saffron Politics and Dalit MobilisationGazetteer of the province of OudhAl- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2"Shahi Family"The Cambridge history of Islam"Ameer Nasir-ood-deen Subooktugeen"Gazetteer of the Attock District, 1930, Part 1Land of seven rivers: History of India's GeographyTemple Desecration and Indo-Muslim StatesIslam in South Asia: A Short HistoryBeyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and Its Impact on Indian and Cross-cultural StudiesThe Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of ExtremismOrnament in Indian ArchitectureA historical review of Hindu India: 300 B.C. to 1200 A.D."Indian States and Union Territories"Islam in South Asia: A Short HistoryA Brief History of the Indian PeoplesThe Modern ReviewDelhi Sultanate"Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India"the original"Timur – conquest of India"the originalIndia HandbookBhaktiThe Four Denomination of Hinduism10.1007/s11407-008-9049-925691067"Vijayanagara Research Project::Elephant Stables"10.2307/26465262646526Historical Dictionary of the TamilsBihar General Knowledge DigestMapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern TimesPopular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South AsiaA manual of the Kistna district in the presidency of MadrasAncient Indian History and CivilizationFragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India"The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)"the originalDynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800, p. 105"Whose fort is it anyway"10.1111/0020-8833.000532600793Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics"India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries"The Mughal Empire, p. 190"The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India"The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden AgeAurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial KingIn the Shadow of the Taj: A Portrait of Agra"Iran in the Age of the Raj"p. 8610.2307/20539802053980Delhi, the Capital of IndiaAn Advanced History of Modern India"Journal of the Tanjore Maharaja Serfoji's Sarasvati Mahal Library"The Rediscovery of India: A New SubcontinentIslamic Renaissance In South Asia (1707–1867) : The Role Of Shah Waliallah & His SuccessorsAn Advanced History of Modern IndiaThe Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia"Full text of "Selections from the papers of Lord Metcalfe; late governor-general of India, governor of Jamaica, and governor-general of Canada""The Discovery Of IndiaThe Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern TimesResurrecting Banaras: Urban Space, Architecture and Religious BoundariesFaith & Philosophy of Sikhism"Missiles mainstay of Pak's N-arsenal"History Modern India By S.N. Sen"Sirajuddaula"ArchivedLongman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal)Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government)A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the PresentIndian Cultural Heritage Perspective For TourismHindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of KashmirIndian HistoryAn Atlas and Survey of South Asian HistoryAn Historical Account of the British Trade Over the Caspian SeaIndian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600–1750The Indian diaspora in Central Asia and its trade, 1550–1900From Constantinople to the home of Omar Khayyam: travels in Transcaucasia and northern Persia for historic and literary researchA journey from Bengal to England: through the northern part of India, Kashmire, Afghanistan, and Persia, and into Russia, by the Caspian-SeaA Second Journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, between the Years 1810 and 1816Reports from the consuls of the United States, 1887Portugal and its Empire, 1250–1800 (Collected Essays in Memory of Glenn J. Ames).: Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 17, No. 1The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758http://mod.nic.inArchivedDossier Goa – A Recusa do Sacrifício InútilAn Imperial Crisis in British India: The Manipur Uprising of 1891The Truth of Babri Mosque"Kolkata (Calcutta) : History"the original"Robert Clive, Baron Clive, 'Clive of India', 1725–1774""The Transformation from a Pre-Colonial to a Colonial Order: The Case of India"10.2307/25955872595587A versatile geniusArchived10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854"Rabindranath Tagore on Education"the original"Essay on 'Derozio and the Young Bengal Movement'"Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation"Plague"the originalPopulation Growth and Land Use"Reintegrating India with the World Economy""Census Of India 1931"A history of modern India, 1480–1950"'India's well-timed diversification of army helped democracy' | Business Standard News"Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Struggle for Swaraj"Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War""Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2007–2008 Online"the original1462689197110.1017/s0010417500016534178920Eurocentrism: a marxian critical realist critique"Ranjit Guha, "On Some Aspects of Historiography of Colonial India""10.2307/2168385216838510.7202/016593ar"Harvard scholar says the idea of India dates to a much earlier time than the British or the Mughals""In The Footsteps of Pilgrims""India's spiritual landscape: The heavens and the earth""India: A Sacred Geography by Diana L Eck – review"Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy10.2307/21694222169422964322464"The Indian Subcontinent and 'Out of Africa 1'"254043308Encyclopedia of World ReligionsThe Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics"The Early Paleolithic of the Indian Subcontinent: Hominin Colonization, Dispersals and Occupation History"Ancient Indian History and CivilizationAncient Indian Social History: Some Interpretationsthe originalIndia Before EuropeA Concise History of Modern India"The beginning of the historical period, c. 500–150 BCE"full textA History of Indiathe originalexcerpt and text searchexcerptexcerptAn Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991excerpt and text searchexcerpt and text searchIndia as known to the ancient world10.1111/j.1468-0289.1985.tb00391.x2597191onlineThe History of India, as told by its own historians. The Muhammadan Periodonline editionHans William Brown research collection on 19th-century missionary work in India, 1882–1932, Ms. Coll. 1033, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvaniaee