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Historia de EscociaEstados desaparecidos de EuropaYr Hen OgleddAntigos reinos das Illas Británicas


gaélico escocésbritónicoInglaterraEscociaDumbarton RockTolomeocúmbricogalés antigotoponímicaarqueolóxicaviquingoépoca viquingaGallowayanglosNorthumbriagoidélicogaélicoviquingoDublín870Govanreino de Albareino de Escociaséculo XIIromanaséculo ITraprain LawSouthern UplandsGallowayStirlingrío ClydeMuro de HadriánMuralla de AntoninoSeptimio Severorío TayAgrícolaromanizaciónpictosescotos410topografíaLoch LomondClach nam BreatannCampsie FellsStirlingAyrIdade EscuraXildasTaliesinAneirinséculo VIIséculo IXBedaCereticsan PatricioRhydderch HaelAdomnánÁedán mac GabráinDál RiataUrienRhegedÆthelfrithBerniciaWhithornKentigernJocelyn of FurnessCinuitClinochTutagualNeithonGuretElfinTeudeburRotriArtgalRhun












Reino de Strathclyde




Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.






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O corazón de Strathclyde é o val do Río Clyde. Aquí aparecen os sitios máis importantes relacionados co reino, como Clach nam Breatann (Rocha dos britóns), a probábel fronteira norte do reino nun principio. Outras zonas engadíronse ou separáronse do reino segundo as épocas. Algunhas zonas, como Cumberland en Inglaterra, se cadra foron aliados máis que zonas dominadas.


Strathclyde (gaélico escocés: Srath Chluaidh, lit. "Val do Clyde", orixinalmente en britónico Ystrad Clud) foi un dos reinos dos britóns no Hen Ogledd, as partes de fala britoa do que hoxe é a Inglaterra setentrional e a Escocia meridional, durante o período posromano e a Idade Media. Tamén é coñecido como Alt Clut, o nome britónico de Dumbarton Rock, a capital medieval da rexión. Pode ser que as súas orixes se remonten aos Damnonii, pobo que aparece na obra de Tolomeo.


A lingua de Strathclyde e a dos britóns das zonas adxacentes so un goberno non nativo é coñecida como cúmbrico, un dialecto ou lingua moi relacionada co galés antigo. A evidencia toponímica e arqueolóxica leva a algún tipo de asentamento viquingo na época viquinga, aínda que en menor medida que na veciña Galloway. Un pequeno número de topónimos anglos amosan certo grao de asentamento limitado de xentes de Northumbria previos ao asentamento noruegués. Debido á serie de cambios de lingua na zona non é posíbel dicir se houbo algún asentamento goidélico na zona antes de que o gaélico fose introducido na alta Idade Media.


Despois do saqueo de Dumbarton Rock por un exército viquingo de Dublín en 870, empeza a empregarse o nome de Strathclyde, se cadra reflectindo un movemento do centro do reino cara a Govan. No mesmo período, tamén é denominado Cumbria, e os seus habitantes cumbrios. Durante a alta Idade Media, a zona foi conquistada polo reino de Alba, pasando a formar parte do novo reino de Escocia. Ficou como área distinta ata o século XII.




Índice





  • 1 Orixes


  • 2 Período antigo

    • 2.1 O Vello Norte


    • 2.2 O reino de Alt Clut



  • 3 Notas


  • 4 Véxase tamén

    • 4.1 Bibliografía


    • 4.2 Outros artigos


    • 4.3 Ligazóns externas





Orixes |




Vista setentrional de Dumbarton Rock, fortaleza principal de Strathclyde do século VI ata 870. a fortaleza de Alt Clut estaban o cumio dereito.




Dumbarton visto desde o esteiro do Río Clyde en marea baixa.




Clach nam Breatann, Glen Falloch, se cadra a fronteira norte de Strathclyde


A Geographia de Tolomeo -unha carta de navegación, nun estudo etnográfico[1] - enumera unha lista de tribos, ou grupos de tribos, na Escocia do sur na época da invasión romana e o estabelecemento da Britannia romana no século I. Ademais dos damnonii, Tolomeo cita os otalini, cuxa capital debeu ser Traprain Law; ao oeste deles, os selgovae nas Southern Uplands e, máis ao oeste en Galloway, os novantae. Ademais, en relacións romanas posteriores aparece un grupo coñecido como os maeatae, probabelmente na zona de Stirling. A capital dos damnonii crese que estivo en Carman, preto de Dumbarton, pero sobre 8 quilómetros terra adentro desde o río Clyde.


Malia que a fronteira norte semella que foi o Muro de Hadrián durante a maior parte da historia da Britannia romana, a extensión da influencia romana ao norte do Muro é algo escuro. Con seguridade existiron fortificacións romanas ao norte do Muro, e fortes tan ao norte como Cramond puideron ter ocupación permanente. Ademais, a fronteira formal foi movida tres veces máis cara o norte. Dúas veces avanzou ata aliña da Muralla de Antonino, aproximadamente na época na que se construíu o Muro de Hadrián e de novo so Septimio Severo, e unha vez máis cara o norte, alén do río Tay, durante as campañas de Agrícola - aínda que logos e retiraron. Ademais destes contactos, os exércitos romanos emprenderon expedicións punitivas ao norte das súas fronteiras. Os nativos do norte tamén atravesaron o muro cara o sur, para comerciar, para roubar e para servir no exército romano. Os mercadores romanos podían pasar ao norte, e os subsidios romanos, ou os subornos, enviáronse a tribos ou xefes útiles para os seus fins. Hai debate sobre ata que punto a Britannia romana sufriu a romanización e, se hai dúbidas sobre áreas de forte control romano, daquela, ten que haber aínda máis sobre o grao de romanización dos damnonii[2]


O período final da Britannia romana veu un aparente aumento de ataques for por mar for por terra, con atacantes que incluían aos pictos, escotos e os misteriosos attacotti de orixes inseguras.[3] Estes ataques tamén puideron ser dirixidos contra as tribos da Escocia meridional. A suposta retirada final das forzas romanas sobre 410 é improbábel que tivese un impacto militar sobre os damnonii, pero a retirada dos fondos da residual gornición do Muro debeu ter un efecto económico considerábel.


Ningunha fonte histórica dá información firme ningunhas obre as fronteiras do reino de Alt Clut, pero téñense feito suxestións con base na toponimia e na topografía. Preto da zona norte de Loch Lomond, a onde se pode acceder en barco desde o Clyde, está Clach nam Breatann, a Rocha dos Britóns, que se pensa que gañou o seu nome como marca do límite setentrional de Alt Clut. Os Campsie Fells e os pantanos entre Loch Lomond e Stirling poden ter representado outra fronteira. Polo sur, o reino estendíase algo polo val do río Clyde arriba, e pola costa probabelmente estendíase cara a Ayr.[4]



Período antigo |



Artigo principal: Escocia na Idade Media.


O Vello Norte |



Artigo principal: Britania posromana.

ver tamén: Hen Ogledd


Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg


Malia ser frecuentemente chamado a Idade Escura, o período posterior ó final do poder romano na Escocia meridional, aínda que pouco entendido, é considerabelmente menos escuro có período romano. Arqueólogos e historiadores teñen ofrecido varias versións do período no último século e medio. As fontes escritas dispoñíbeis para este período son basicamente irlandesa se galesas, e de feito moi poucas son contemporáneas do período entre 400 e 600.


As fontes irlandesas contan acontecementos no reino de Dumbarton só cando están relacionadas con Irlanda. Coa excepción da obra de Xildas no século VI e a poesía atribuída a Taliesin e Aneirin, en particular Y Gododdin, que se pensa que foi composta en Escocias obre o século VII, as fontes galesas datan xeralmente dunha época moi posterior. Algunhas están conformadas segundo as actitudes políticas prevalentes en Gales no século IX e despois. Beda, cuxo prexuízo é patente, raramente cita os britóns, e cando o fai faino en termos pouco eloxiosos.


Neste período antigo coñécense dous reis a partir de dúas fontes case contemporáneas. O primeiro é Coroticus ou Ceretic, coñecido como destinatario dunha carta de san Patricio, e que un biógrafo do século VII situou como rei da altura do Clyde, Dumbarton Rock, situándoo na segunda metade do século V. A partir da carta de Patricio é claro que Ceretic era cristián, e é probábel que a clase dirixente da zona tamén o fose, polo menos nominalmente. O seu descendente Rhydderch Hael aparece citado na Vida de San Columba de Adomnán. Riderch foi contemporáneo de Áedán mac Gabráin de Dál Riata e Urien de Rheged, ao que está unido por varias tradicións e contos, e tamén de Æthelfrith de Bernicia.


A cristianización de la Escocia meridional, se a carta de San Patricio a Coroticus foi realmente a un rei en Strathclyde, fixera un considerábel progreso cando aparecen as primeira fontes históricas. Algo máis ao sur, en Whithorn, coñécese unha unha inscrición cristiá da segunda metade do século V, se cadra conmemorando unha nova igrexa. Descoñécese como tivo lugar. A pesar de Columba, Kentigern, o suposto apóstolo dos britóns do Clyde, é unha figura escura e a vida de Jocelyn of Furness do século XII tardía e de dubidosa autenticidade aínda que Jackson [5] cría que a versión de Jocelyn podería estar baseado nun orixinal cúmbrico anterior.



O reino de Alt Clut |




Posíbeis áreas lingüísticas no sur de Escocia, séculos VII-VIII (segundo Nicolaisen, Scottish Place-Names e Taylor, "Place Names").


Despois do ano 600, a información sobre os britóns de Alt Clut convértese en algo un pouco máis común nas fontes. Con todo, os historiadores están en desacordo en como interpretaren isto. Falando claramente, tenderon a producir teorías que sitúan o seu suxeito no centro da historia de Britannia setentrional no período histórico inicial. O resultado é unha serie de historias que non poden seren reconciliadas.[6] a historiografía máis recente podería ter andado algún camiño para solucionar este problema.



Notas |




  1. ↑ A descrición é de Ó Corráin, en R. Foster (ed.), The Oxford History of Ireland, p. 4.


  2. ↑ Para unha breve relación de Roma e o sur de Escocia cf. Hanson, "Roman occupation".


  3. ↑ O país dos attacotti ten sido identificado de varios modos. Irlanda é a localización máis favorecida, e é plausíbel unha asociación cos Déisi. Uns poucos autores teñen suxerido as Hébridas Exteriores ou as Illas do Norte.


  4. ↑ Alcock & Alcock, "Excavations at Alt Clut"; Koch, "The Place of Y Gododdin". Barrell, Medieval Scotland, p. 44, supón que a diocese de Glasgow estabelecida por David I en 1128 podía ter correspondido co último reino de Strathclyde.


  5. ↑ Jackson, K.H. (1956) Language and History in Early Britain, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press


  6. ↑ Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men representa un traballo onde se lles dá prominencia aos britóns pero outros concéntranse en Dál Riata. Agora, parece que a división é entre estudosos escoceses, irlandeses e "británicos setentrionais" e estudosos de anglosaxón. Leslie Alcock, Kings and Warriors, pode tomarse como representante da perspectiva "británica do norte (e irlandesa)".



Véxase tamén |



Bibliografía |



  • Alcock, Leslie, Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 2003. ISBN 0-903903-24-5

  • Barrell, A.D.M., Medieval Scotland. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000. ISBN 0-521-58602-X


  • Barrow, G.W.S., Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, (corrected edn) 1989. ISBN 0-7486-0104-X

  • Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8

  • Foster, Sally M., Picts, Gaels, and Scots: Early Historic Scotland. Batsford, London, 2nd edn, 2004. ISBN 0-7134-8874-3

  • Hanson, W.S., "Northern England and southern Scotland: Roman Occupation" in Michael Lynch (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2001. ISBN 0-19-211696-7

  • Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100. Sutton, Stroud, 1993. ISBN 0-86299-730-5


  • Jackson, Kenneth H., "The Britons in southern Scotland" in Antiquity, vol. 29 (1955), pp. 77–88. ISSN 0003-598X .

  • Koch, John, "The Place of 'Y Gododdin' in the History of Scotland" in Ronald Black, William Gillies and Roibeard Ó Maolalaigh (eds) Celtic Connections. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Celtic Studies, Volume One. Tuckwell, East Linton, 1999. ISBN 1-898410-77-1

  • Lowe, Chris, Angels, Fools and Tyrants: Britons and Anglo-Saxons in Southern Scotland. Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-86241-875-5

  • Smyth, Alfred P., Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000. Edinburgh UP, Edinburgh, 1984. ISBN 0-7486-0100-7

  • Woolf, Alex, "Britons and Angles" in Lynch (2001).



Outros artigos |



  • Lista de reis de Strathclyde.


  • Reinos britóns.


Ligazóns externas |


  • A Crónica dos reis de Alba


  • A edición Rolls do Brut y Tywyssogion (pdf) na Stanford University Library


  • CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts en University College Cork incluíndo os Anais do Ulster, os Anais de Tigernach e o Chronicon Scotorum.

  • A Crónica anglosaxoa, Mss. D e E, varia edicións incluíndo un XML versión de Tony Jebson.


  • Google Books inclúe o Chronicon ex chronicis atribuído a Florence de Worcester e a tradución ao inglés de James Aikman (The History of Scotland) da Rerum Scoticarum Historia de George Buchanan




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