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Rhydderch Hael Índice Fontes | Véxase tamén | Notas | Bibliografía | Menú de navegacióneClarkson, Tim. "Rhydderch Hael." The Heroic Age, Autumn/Winter 1999ee23459

Yr Hen OgleddReis de StrathclydeHistoria de EscociaHistoria de Inglaterra


floruitAlt ClutDumbarton RockStrathclydebritónicoClydeEscociabritónicagaléslingua latinaXenealoxías HarleyAdomnánTutagual de Alt ClutAilred de RievaulxSan NinianDumnagual HenTríades galesasLibro negro de Chirkreino de GwyneddGalesElidir MwynfawrArfonClydno EiddinRhun Hir ap MaelgwnRío Forth[1]anglosaxónBerniciaUrienRhegedMorcant BulcÁedán mac GabráinDál RiataSan Columbatríades galesasGaelsMuro de HadriánVortigernPictaviaNorthumbriaDyrnwynTrece Tesouros da illa de BretañahaxiografíaKentigernGlasgowJoceline of FurnessCumbria612614AdomnanColumba597IonaTrece tesouros da illa de BretañaCinuitClinochTutagualNeithonGuretElfinTeudeburRotriArtgalRhun












Rhydderch Hael




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Rhydderch Hael
Clochoderick Logan stone.JPG
Nacementoséculo VI
 Reino de Strathclyde
Falecemento614
EtniaBretóns
Ocupaciónmonarca
PaiTutagual of Alt Clut
FillosConstantine of Strathclyde
[ editar datos en Wikidata ]

Rhydderch I (floruit c. 580; morreu c. 614), normalmente coñecido como Rhydderch Hael ("o Xeneroso") foi un líder do Alt Clut (a rexión que está na contorna da moderna Dumbarton Rock) e a gran rexión que posteriormente foi coñecida como Strathclyde, un reino britónico que existía no val do río Clyde en Escocia durante a etapa posromana de Britania. Foi un dos máis famosos reis do Hen Ogledd ("O vello norte"), a área de fala britónica do que agora é o sur de Escocia e o norte de Inglaterra, e aparece frecuentemente en obras medievais posteriores tanto en galés como en lingua latina.




Índice





  • 1 Fontes


  • 2 Véxase tamén


  • 3 Notas


  • 4 Bibliografía




Fontes |


Segundo fontes como as Xenealoxías Harley e a Vita Columbae de Adomnán, o pai de Rhydderch foi Tutagual de Alt Clut, quen probabelmente foi o seu antecesor no trono.[1] Un rei tiránico chamado Tuduael, Tudwaldus e outras variantes aparece no poema do século IX Miracula Nyniae Episcopi e na Vita Sancti Niniani de Ailred de Rievaulx como contemporáneo de San Ninian; esta é posibelmente unha referencia ao pai de Rhydderch.[1] as xenealoxías poñen a Rhydderch como descendentes de Dumnagual Hen. Ademais destes libros de liñaxes os parentes de Rhydderch aparecen só en textos galeses, en especial na poesía heroica e nos fragmentos de saga preservados nas Tríades galesas. Un destes parentes, Senyllt Hael, está acreditado no poema Y Gododdin no que se di que goberna unha corte real famosa pola súa liberalidade. Outro, o fillo de Senyllt, Nudd Hael, aparece con Rhydderch na tríade dos "Tres homes xenerosos de Britania".


Nunha curiosa historia que se conserva no código legal galés do século XII coñecido como Libro negro de Chirk, Rhydderch acompaña outros líderes do norte nunha expedición militar ao reino de Gwynedd no norte de Gales. Segundo a historia, mataran a Elidir Mwynfawr, outro príncipe do norte en Arfon en Gwynedd. En resposta Rhydderch uniuse a Clydno Eiddin, o devandito Nudd Hael, e Mordaf Hael, que só coñecemos por este episodio, para tomar vinganza ao rei Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn de Gwynedd. Cruzaron o mar e arrasaron Arfon, pero foron expulsados polas forzas de Rhun. Rhun atacou Strathclyde e avanzou ata o Río Forth.


Aquí mataron a Elidyr Muhenvaur, un home do norte e,despois de el morrer, os homes do norte viñeron aquí para o vingaren. Os xefes, os seus líderes, eran Clyddno Eiddin, Nudd Hael, fillo de Senyllt, e Mordaf Hael, fillo de Seruari, e Rydderch Hael, fillo de Tudwal Tudglyd; e chegaron a Arfon, e como Elidyr morreu en Aber Mewydus en Arfon, arrasaron Arfon en vinganza. E logo Rhun, fillo de Maelgwn, e os homes de Gwynedd, reuníronse en armas, e avanzaron ata o río Gweryd no norte, e aquí estiveron discutindo quen debía estar á cabeza.[1]


As incertezas textuais suxiren que a historia da expedición de Arfon e a resposta de Rhun son probabelmente apócrifas, debendo menos a súa creación a acontecementos reais do século VI que aos propagandistas posteriores do Gales setentrional quen, intentando encher de gloria os seus propios reis, retrataron a Rhun como un devanceiro destes reis e como un poderoso xefe militar que era quen de levar unha guerra ben máis alá das súas fronteiras e contra figuras cuxa fama debía xa terse convertido en venerábel na tradición galesa.
A tradición galesa mira a Rhydderch como un dos reis britóns do norte que loitaron contra o reino anglosaxón de Bernicia. A Historia Brittonum descríbeo como un inimigo de varios reis de Bernicia de finais do século VI, pero non se identifica o escenario das guerras entre eles. Dise que entrou con Urien de Rheged e Morcant Bulc na súa malfadada alianza:



Catro reis loitaron contra eles, Urien e Rhydderch [Hael] e Gwallawg e Morcant. Theodoric loitou vitoriosamente contra Urien e os seus fillos. Durante esta época, ás veces o inimigo, ás veces os Cymry saían vitoriosos, e Urien cercounos por tres días e tres noites na illa de Ynys Metcaut. Pero durante esta campaña, Urien foi asasinado a instigación de Morcant, por celos, pois a súa habilidade militar e o seu liderado superaban a dos outros reis.

Historia Brittonum, capítulo 63


A guerra con Bernicia é unha das dúas únicas campañas militares nas que se di que participou Rhydderch Hael : a outra foi un ataque contra a corte de Strathclyde por Áedán mac Gabráin, rei de Dál Riata e un contemporáneo de San Columba que se narra no chamado Tres Devastacións desenfreadas da illa de Britania nas tríades galesas:


…Cando Aedan o Astuto veu á corte de Rhydderch o xeneroso en Alt Clut; non deixou nin comida nin bebida nin besta viva.

Non existen aparte desta obra outros textos que apoien a realidade destes acontecementos. Porén en xeral non serían improbábeis pois Alt Clut e Dál Riata eran veciños e loitaron moitas veces durante a época posromana e a Alta Idade Media. Dál Riata era un recentemente chegado á política de Britania e os ataques de Gaels, como se coñecía comunmente os escotos de Dál Riata, contra os reinos Britóns lindantes co Muro de Hadrián foran algo habitual desde a época de Vortigern e antes. Ademais, sábese que Áedán mac Gabráin era un xefe particularmente belicoso e que as súas campañas se estendían desde Pictavia ata Northumbria. É tentador adscribir a orixe última deste material a poetas cortesáns de Strathclyde da propia época de Rhydderch. Unha Tríade cita o seu cabalo "Rudlwyt", "Pardo-gris", mentres que outro fragmento poético cita a súa espada Dyrnwyn, "Puño branco," como un dos lendarios Trece Tesouros da illa de Bretaña.


Fóra das fontes galesas o outro repositorio principal de información sobre Rhydderch Hael é a haxiografía latina acerca de Kentigern, o santo patrón de Glasgow, cuxa Vida máis completa conservada foi escrita a finais do século XII por Joceline of Furness, na actual Cumbria, por encargo do bispo de Glasgow. Tense intentado identificar posíbeis elementos arcaicos e de feito parece probábel que xuntase varios fíos da moi antiga tradición de Strathclyde, que tiveron a súa orixe nos séculos sétimo ou oitavo. Rhydderch Hael aparece como o "Rei Rederech" e retrátase como benfeitor e patrón real de Kentigern e de aquel recibe o santo a terra de Glasgow para establecer nela o principal bispado da rexión de Strathclyde.


Descoñécese a data da morte de Rhydderch, aínda que a Vida de Kentigern sitúa a súa morte no mesmo ano cá do santo, que, segundo os anais galeses acaeceu no 612, data que os historiadores axustan a 614. Esta data apóiaa Adomnan quen se refire a Rhydderch como contemporáneo de San Columba que morreu en 597. A aseveración de Adomnan de que Rhydderch non morreu en batalla pode ser tomada probabelmente no seu significado literal: o cumprimento da profecía de Columba era asunto importante para Iona e non tiña nada que gañar ao producir un fin ficticio para un rei cuxa vida e morte xa formaban probabelmente parte das tradicións de Glasgow e Dumbarton.


As coleccións galesas citan a espada de Rhydderch Dyrnwyn como un dos chamados Trece tesouros da illa de Bretaña. Cando a brandise un home digno ou ben nacido, toda a folla ardería en chamas. Rhydderch nunca foi remiso a deixarlle a arma a ninguén, cousa que se di que explica o seu epíteto de Hael (xeneroso), pero nunca ninguén ousou tocala.[2]






Alt Clut


Segue a:
Tutagual

Rhydderch Hael
(580?-614?)



Precede a:
Neithon


Véxase tamén |



  • Rocking stone dise que Rhydderch foi enterrado na Clochoderick stone en Renfrewshire.


Notas |




  1. ↑ 1,01,1 MacQuarrie, pp.6–7.


  2. ↑ Bromwich, pp. 240-1.



Bibliografía |



  • Bromwich, Rachel, Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1978; revised ed. 1991

  • Clarkson, Tim. "Rhydderch Hael." The Heroic Age, Autumn/Winter 1999

  • MacQuarrie, Alan, "The Kings of Strathclyde", in A. Grant & K.Stringer (eds.) Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G. W. S. Barrow, (Edinburgh, 1993), pp. 1–19.




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