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Koning Coel Coel de Wonderbaarlijke Camulus Popmuziek NavigatiemenuDavid Nash FordThe History Files

Mythisch Brits koning


legendeKeltischBrittanniëColchesterEssexEngelandKoning ArthurKeltischesagenschatCunobelinWilliam ShakespearesGeoffrey van MonmouthAsclepiodotusWelshDiocletianusRomeConstantius ChlorusHelenaConstantijn de GroteTrahernMagnus MaximusKeltischeCamulusCamulodunummuziekGaelisch350420YorkKeltischWalesRheged1585Walter RaleightabakGenesisnummerNursery Cryme












Koning Coel




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Coel

Cole
Old King Cole
Coel Godhebog
Cole the magnificent
Coel Hen
Cole the Old
Camulus

Mythische Britse koning

Het huis van Colchester
Voorganger
Asclepiodotus
Opvolger
Constantius Chlorus


Dit artikel is deels gebaseerd op Geoffrey van Monmouths Historia regum Britanniae. Gegevens uit dit werk komen vaak niet overeen met de historische werkelijkheid.

Volgens de legende was Cole (ook wel: Coel) koning van Keltisch Brittannië. Ongeveer alles wat met zekerheid over Old King Cole kan worden gezegd blijkt uit een traditioneel kinderliedje:



Old King Cole was a merry old soul
And a merry old soul was he;


He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl
And he called for his fiddlers three.


Every fiddler he had a fiddle,
And a very fine fiddle had he;


Oh there's none so rare, as can compare
With King Cole and his fiddlers three

In feite zijn er meerdere kandidaten voor de historische koning Cole. Eén zou geleefd hebben in de 3e eeuw; hij was de stichter en naamgever van de stad Colchester in Essex, Engeland. Colchester betekent Cole's castle (Cole's kasteel). Deze op legenden gebaseerde vertellingen worden soms gecombineerd met de meer bekende verhalen over Koning Arthur en zijn ridders in de Keltische sagenschat.



Coel de Wonderbaarlijke


Er kunnen twee heersers met deze naam zijn geweest in Colchester, ene Coel Godhebog, ofwel Cole the Magnificent (Cole de Wonderbaarlijke), en Coel Hen, ofwel Cole the Old (Cole de Oude). Er is weinig bekend over deze twee heersers, of zelfs of er inderdaad twee Coles waren, slechts één, of alleen in de legende. Een andere versie verbindt Cole aan Cunobelin, William Shakespeares Cymbeline.


Geoffrey van Monmouth vermeldt een koning Cole in zijn Historia Regum Britanniae als een koning der Britten, en als opvolger van koning Asclepiodotus. De Welsh kronieken beschrijven verder dat zijn naam Coel Hen Godhebog was, waarmee de twee namen samenkomen in één persoon. Monmouth beweert dat Coel, verontwaardigd over de manier waarop Asclepiodotus omgaat met de moordpartijen van Diocletianus, een rebellie startte in het hertogdom Kaelcolim (Colchester), waarvan hij hertog was.


Hij voerde oorlog tegen Asclepiodotus en doodde hem, en werd daarmee koning van Brittannië. Rome was klaarblijkelijk verheugd met de nieuwe Britse koning, en stuurde senator Constantius Chlorus als diplomaat naar Cole. Uit angst voor de Romeinen ontving Cole Constantius, en beloofde belastingen en onderwerping aan de Romeinse wet, zolang hij koning van Brittannië mocht blijven. Constantius ging akkoord met deze voorwaarden, maar een maand later overleed Cole. Constantius huwde Cole's dochter Helena, en kroonde zichzelf als Cole's opvolger. Helena werd later de moeder van Constantijn de Grote. Constantijn nam drie ooms, broers van Coel, mee naar Rome: Ioelinus, Trahern en Marius en installeerde hen als senatoren. Magnus Maximus (bij Geoffrey van Monmouth heet hij Maximianus) is de zoon van Ioelinus.



Camulus


Een andere mogelijkheid is dat Cole de Keltische god van de oorlog, Camulus is. De oude naam van Colchester was Camulodunum, en de verbastering naar Colchester is niet onmogelijk in het Keltisch taalgebruik. Als Camulus Cole is, dan zijn Colchester en Camulodunum synoniem. De Latijnse vorm zou dan een leenwoord uit het Keltisch zijn.


Colchester bevat een oude Romeinse steengroeve, die King Cole's Kitchen (Koning Cole's keuken) wordt genoemd. Het woord ceol betekent muziek in het Gaelisch, en dit zou de oorsprong van het kinderrijmpje kunnen zijn.


Nash Ford[1] en The History Files[2] melden dat Cole Coel Hen, High King of Northern Britain is, die leefde van ongeveer 350 tot 420, in de tijd dat de Romeinen zich terugtrokken uit Brittannië. Hij zou de laatste Dux Brittannorum (Hertog van de Britten) kunnen zijn geweest, en de noordelijke hoofdstad Eburacum (York) hebben veroverd, om te heersen over de noordelijke provincie van Romeins Brittannië. De meeste Keltisch-Britse koningen van Noord-Brittannië, en de meeste koningen van Wales, zouden van hem afstammen, bijvoorbeeld Rheged.


Sommige bronnen geven aan dat het onwaarschijnlijk is dat het kinderrijmpje Old King Cole geschreven zou zijn voor 1585, toen Walter Raleigh tabak in Engeland introduceerde. Anderen denken dat de "pipe" zou niet zou refereren aan een pijp om te roken, maar aan een muziekinstrument.



Popmuziek


De tekst van het rijmpje werd gebruikt in het Genesisnummer The Musical Box dat te vinden is op het album Nursery Cryme.





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